T e m a N o rd 2 0 1 4 Ved Stranden 18 :54 DK-1061 Copenhagen K 7 www.norden.org Marine invasive species in the Arctic Marine invasive species in the Arctic Arctic marine ecosystems are among the most productive and most vulnerable in the world, both from an economic and ecological perspective of growing accessibility. The complexity of Arctic marine ecosystems and their location poses challenges for management, valuation, and the establishment of sound policy to protect them. This special issue of Temanord presents papers from a workshop devoted to this topic. In October 2013, a group of multidisciplinary experts on marine invasive species and the Arctic came together in Esbjerg, DK for a two-day workshop titled: “Marine Invasive Species in the Arctic: Management Issues.” Attendees of the workshop came from academic, governmental and scientific institutions in Denmark and the Faroe Islands, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Canada, and the United States. This volume presents papers based on the presentations of the workshop speakers TemaNord 2014:547 ISBN 978-92-893-2820-3 ISBN 978-92-893-2821-0 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 TN2014547 omslag.indd 1 07-07-2014 13:40:28 Marine invasive species in the Arctic Edited by: Linda Fernandez, Brooks A. Kaiser and Niels Vestergaard TemaNord 2014:547 Marine invasive species in the Arctic Edited by: Linda Fernandez, Brooks A. Kaiser and Niels Vestergaard ISBN 978-92-893-2820-3 ISBN 978-92-893-2821-0 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2014-547 TemaNord 2014:547 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2014 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Signelements This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom- mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/en/publications Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv- ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im- portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Content Introduction Linda Fernandez, Brooks Kaiser and Niels Vestergaard ..................................................... 9 Section 1: What’s at Stake: Setting the Stage ............................................................................ 13 1. Meeting the Challenge of a Changing Arctic Mike Gill ........................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Arctic Marine Biodiversity and Invasive Alien Species: What’s at Stake? .................................................................................................................................. 15 1.2 Meeting the Challenge of a Changing Arctic .......................................................... 20 1.3 References ......................................................................................................................... 22 2. Marine invasive species: Issues and challenges in resource governance and monitoring of societal impacts Joan Nymand Larsen .................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 References ......................................................................................................................... 30 Section 2: Shipping and Invasive Species in the Arctic ......................................................... 33 3. Melting Sea Ice, Accelerated Shipping, and Arctic Invasions A. Whitman Miller......................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Marine Invasions ............................................................................................................ 36 3.3 Commercial Ships as Vectors ..................................................................................... 38 3.4 Arctic and Trans-Arctic shipping .............................................................................. 40 3.5 Climate Change ................................................................................................................ 42 3.6 Ocean acidification ......................................................................................................... 45 3.7 Drivers and Determinants of Invasion Opportunity and their Interactions ....................................................................................................................... 46 3.8 Ship Vector Regulations ............................................................................................... 48 3.9 Vector Management ....................................................................................................... 49 3.10 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 50 3.11 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................ 51 3.12 References ......................................................................................................................... 51 4. Management challenges and opportunities for marine biosecurity in the Arctic Oliver Floerl .................................................................................................................................... 57 4.1 Biosecurity management and its importance ...................................................... 57 4.2 A simple framework for effective biosecurity management ........................... 58 4.3 Challenges and opportunities for the Arctic region .............................................. 63 4.4 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................ 64 4.5 References ......................................................................................................................... 65 Section 3: Current Invasive Species Problems in the Arctic: Case Studies .................... 69 5. The red king crab (Paralithodes camschaticus) in the Barents Sea Jan Sundet ....................................................................................................................................... 71 5.1 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 71 5.2 Introduction history ...................................................................................................... 71 5.3 Biology of the red king crab ........................................................................................ 72 5.4 Impact on ecosystem and fisheries .......................................................................... 76 5.5 Management ..................................................................................................................... 77 5.6 The snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in the Barents Sea: Summary ............. 78 5.7 References......................................................................................................................... 81 6. Invasive Species: Case studies from Iceland Gudrun Thorarinsdottir, Karl Gunnarsson and Ó. Sindri Gíslason ................................ 83 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 83 6.2 Phytoplankton ................................................................................................................. 86 6.3 Macroalgae ........................................................................................................................ 90 6.4 Figure 7: Codium fragile .............................................................................................. 93 6.5 Crustaceans ...................................................................................................................... 94 6.6 Molluscs ............................................................................................................................. 97 6.7 Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758) ................................................................... 98 6.8 Tunicata ............................................................................................................................. 99 6.9 Fish .................................................................................................................................... 100 6.10 Summary and conclusion .......................................................................................... 102 6.11 References....................................................................................................................... 103 Section 4: Policy-oriented Invasive Species Case Studies ................................................. 111 7. Optimizing policies to combat aquatic invasive species Jarkko K. Niemi, Kari Hyytiӓinen, Maiju Lehtiniemi and Kimmo Tikka .................... 113 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 113 7.2 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 115 7.3 The dynamic programming model ......................................................................... 115 7.4 Results .............................................................................................................................. 118 7.5 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 125 7.6 References....................................................................................................................... 127 8. Adaptive harvest strategies in the case of invasive species- induced mortality Jon Olaf Olaussen ........................................................................................................................ 131 8.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 131 8.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 131 8.3 Population model and welfare function ............................................................... 134 8.4 A Numerical illustration............................................................................................. 136 8.5 Concluding remarks .................................................................................................... 142 8.6 References....................................................................................................................... 142 Section 5: Invasive Species Management and Policy........................................................... 145 9. The interaction of natural and social systems: how International Relations theory can inform research on Arctic marine invasive species Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsen ........................................................................................................ 147 9.1 Introduction: Natural and social systems, International Relations theory and invasive species in the Arctic ............................................................. 147 9.2 Doing International Relations Arctic research................................................... 148 9.3 Linking natural and social systems ........................................................................ 150 9.4 Theoretically informed International Relations research on invasive species in the Arctic ................................................................................... 151 9.5 Realism: Power (Transition), China and the Arctic .......................................... 152 9.6 Liberalism: the importance of other actors and their interests................... 154 9.7 Institutionalism ............................................................................................................. 155 9.8 Transnationalism (science) ...................................................................................... 156 9.9 Transnationalism (indigenous peoples) .............................................................. 157 9.10 Constructivism............................................................................................................... 158 9.11 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 159 9.12 References ....................................................................................................................... 160 10. Bioeconomic Strategies to Address Potential Marine Invasive Species in the Arctic Linda Fernandez ......................................................................................................................... 163 10.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 163 10.2 Four Analyses with Lessons for the Arctic .......................................................... 164 10.3 Analysis 1: International Maritime Shipping and Strategies between Trading Countries ...................................................................................... 165 10.4 Analysis 2: Port and Ship Incentives for both Ballast Water and Hull Fouling Policy ....................................................................................................... 167 10.5 Analysis 3: Recreational Boats ................................................................................. 169 10.6 Analysis 4: Coastal Waters, Aquaculture and Other Leasers ........................ 171 10.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 171 10.8 References ....................................................................................................................... 172 11. Invasive Species Management Strategies: Adapting in the Arctic Brooks A. Kaiser .......................................................................................................................... 175 11.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 175 11.2 A Brief Overview of Species Introductions in an Arctic Context ................. 176 11.3 Management Overview of Invasive Species: Options for threatened states ................................................................................................................................. 180 11.4 Prevention and Early Detection (ED) and Rapid Response (RR) Strategies ......................................................................................................................... 181 11.5 Control (Spatial Containment and/or Population Reduction) ..................... 183 11.6 Valuation of what is “at stake” ................................................................................. 184 11.7 Valuation techniques for Non-Market Resources Damaged by Invasive Species ............................................................................................................ 186 11.8 Using valuations in invasive species management........................................... 188 11.9 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 189 11.10 Works Cited .................................................................................................................... 189 12. Sammendrag ................................................................................................................................ 193 13. Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 195 13.1 Program, Marine Invasive Species in the Arctic: ............................................... 195 13.2 List of participants ....................................................................................................... 198
Description: