LOAD BEARING AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE WALL IN INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTION FUNG WEN PUI A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Civil-Structure) Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia November, 2009 PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07) UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT FUNG WEN PUI Author’s full name : ________________________________________________ 22-01-1982 Date of birth : ________________________________________________ LOAD BEARING AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE Title : WALL IN INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTION SEMESTER 1 SESSION 09/10 Academic Session : ________________________________________________ I declare that this thesis is classified as : CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)* RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done)* OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full text) I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows: 1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange. Certified by : SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR 820122-12-5228 Assoc . Prof. Dr. Abd. Latif Saleh (NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date : 20/11/09 Date : 20/11/09 NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction. “I declare that I have read through this project report and to my opinion this project report is adequate in term of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Civil – Structure)” Signature : ………………………… Name of Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abd. Latif Saleh Date : ………………………... ii I declare that this project report entitled “Load Bearing Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Wall In Industrialized Building Systems Construction” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree. Signature : ………………………… Name : FUNG WEN PUI Date : NOVEMBER 2009 iii ACKNOWLEDMENT Finally, I have completed my final project and accomplished the mile stone. Here, I gratefully acknowledge to those who help me a lot in the journey of doing this project. I am most grateful to my project supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abd. Latif Saleh, who always helps with smile. He has contributed a lot of knowledge to me in doing the project. A lot of opinions and advices are provided by him with an open arm. Under his guidance, my project can be done successfully. I want to express my gratitude to my loving family especially my parents for their encouragement and support. Finally, but not no means least, I would like to acknowledge all my friends who were involved, directly and indirectly in helping me completing this research. As is customary, I will accept blame for errors of commission and omission. I hope that any errors that are discovered will be brought to my attention so that they may be corrected in future. iv ABSTRACT The Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) is a construction process that utilizes techniques, products, components, or building systems which involve prefabricated components and on-site installation. In order to implement IBS effectively, the understanding of new construction materials, such as Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) and technology are encouraged. The aim of this study is to verify that AAC load bearing wall is capable to adopt in IBS with its low compressive strength for low-rise construction. This study is to conduct a finite element analysis by using engineering software Staad-Pro on the different kind of AAC load bearing wall, which subjected to various opening in single and double storey building. The analysis is focus on the behavior of the AAC act as a load bearing wall. The stresses induced by different type of design criteria are determined. The accuracy of the finite element model is verified against theoretical result, which conducted by manual calculation. Besides that, manual calculation for reinforced AAC load bearing wall is carried out to compare with the non-reinforced AAC load bearing wall. The maximum capacity and bending moment of the both type of wall are determined. Reinforced AAC load bearing wall have higher resistance to bending moment but have no significant effect on the axial load capacity if compared with non-reinforced AAC load bearing wall. At the end of the study, it is found that AAC load bearing wall is able to sustain design load of single and double storey building. v ABSTRAK Sistem Bangunan Berindustri (Industrialised Building Systems (IBS)) adalah satu proses pembinaan dengan menggunakan teknik, produk, komponen atau sistem binaan yang melibatkan pasang siap komponen dan pemasangan di tapak pembinaan. Untuk melaksanakan IBS dengan berkesan, pemahaman bahan bangunan baru, seperti Konkrit Berudara Autokraf (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)), adalah amat digalakkan. Tujuan utama penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengesahkan bahawa dinding AAC mampu digunakan dalam IBS dengan kekuatan mampatan yang rendah untuk pembinaan bangunan rendah. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan perisian kejuruteraan Staad-Pro yang berasaskan kaedah unsur terhingga untuk mempelajari perilaku pelbagai jenis dinding galas beban AAC yang mempunyai perbezaan bukaan ruang dalam satu dan dua tingkat bangunan. Nilai tekanan ditentukan dengan menggunakan pelbagai kriteria rekabentuk. Ketepatan model unsur terhingga disahkan dengan keputusan berdasarkan teori dan kiraan secara manual. Selain itu, kiraan secara manual untuk dinding galas beban AAC yang bertetulang dilakukan untuk membandingkan dengan dinding galas beban AAC yang tidak bertetulang. Keupayaan maksimum kedua-dua jenis dinding juga akan ditentukan. Dinding galas beban AAC yang bertetulang mempunyai rintangan terhadap momen lentur yang tinggi tetapi tiada kesan dalam beban paksi jika dibanding dengan dinding AAC tanpa tetulang. Di akhir kajian ini, adalah didapati bahawa dinding AAC sesuai dan berupaya untuk menahan beban dalam pembinaan rumah satu dan dua tingkat. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii ABSTRACT iv ABSTRAK v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2 1.3 Aims and Objectives of Study 3 1.4 Scope of Study 3 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) 5 2.2.1 Introduction 5 2.2.2 Manufacturing Process 6 2.2.3 Material Properties 11 2.2.4 Performance Properties 14 vii CHAPTER TITLE PAGE 2 LITERATURE REVIEW (Cont’) 2.3 Comparison of AAC & CMU 18 2.4 Code of Practice for the Use of Masonry 20 2.4.1 Axially Loaded Walls 20 2.4.2 Laterally Loaded Walls 29 2.5 Connection Detail 35 3 METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS 3.1 General Appraisal 41 3.2 Flowchart of Methodology 41 3.2.1 Identification of the project 42 3.2.2 Determination of objectives and Scope of work 42 3.2.3 Idealization and Rationalization 42 3.3 Modeling 54 3.3.1 Method of Analysis 54 3.3.2 Overall View of Model 56 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Model Analysis and Results 60 4.2 Verification of Modeling Result 60 4.3 Comparison of AAC Wall With And Without Reinforcement 71 viii CHAPTER TITLE PAGE 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions 77 5.2 Recommendations for Future Work 77 REFERENCES 79 APPENDICES 81