Life under Siege: The Jews of Magdeburg under Nazi Rule Michael E. Abrahams-Sprod BA (UNSW), Grad Dip Ed (UNSW), Cert T (NSW DSE), MA (UNSW) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies The University of Sydney June 2006 ii Table of Contents Declaration iv Abstract v Dedication vii Abbreviations and Acronyms viii Glossary x Acknowledgements xviii Introduction 1 Aim and Focus 1 The History of the Community until 1933 4 Archival Material and Oral History 11 Historical Approaches and Interpretation 16 Chapter One: The Structure of the Jewish Community 20 Religious, Social, Cultural and Economic Structures 20 The Dissolution of Communal Organisations 45 The Religious Congregations 54 Strategies of Communal Defence and Survival 65 Chapter Two: The Destruction of Jewish Livelihoods, 1933–1938 78 From Boycott to Expropriation 78 The Process of Aryanisation 115 Chapter Three: Daily Life in the Public Domain, 1933–1938 125 Nazi Policy toward the Jews 125 Daily Life and Exclusion 140 Contact with Non-Jews 152 Rassenschande 163 The Destruction of the German-Jewish Symbiosis 176 Chapter Four: Daily Life in the Private Domain, 1933–1938 182 Jewish Family Life and Social Life 182 The Emigration Quandary 191 iii Chapter Five: Daily Lives of Children and Youth, 1933–1938 202 Jewish and Non-Jewish Schools 202 Youth Movements 220 Preparation for Emigration 229 Children and Youth Leaving Home 241 Chapter Six: The Reichskristallnacht and Its Aftermath until September 1939 252 The Prelude to the Pogrom 252 The Pogrom in Magdeburg 256 Reactions of the Victims and the Perpetrators 271 The Post-Reichskristallnacht and Pre-War Persecutions 291 Chapter Seven: The Jewish Community during World War Two 305 Judenhäuser and Stigmatisation 305 Die Judenschule and the Daily Lives of Children 338 Mischehen and Mischlinge 348 Forced Labour and Deportations 357 The Destruction and Dispersion of a German-Jewish Community 370 Conclusion 378 Bibliography 398 Archives and Libraries 398 Private Collections 402 Individual Interviews by the Author 403 Books 403 Articles 419 Periodicals 426 Theses and Unpublished Manuscripts 427 iv Declaration I certify that the contents of this thesis have not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. The extent to which I have availed myself of the work of others is acknowledged in the text of this thesis. v Abstract This regional study documents the life and the destruction of the Jewish community of Magdeburg, in the Prussian province of Saxony, between 1933 and 1945. As this is the first comprehensive and academic study of this community during the Nazi period, it has contributed to both the regional historiography of German Jewry and the historiography of the Shoah in Germany. In both respects it affords a further understanding of Jewish life in Nazi Germany. Commencing this study at the beginning of 1933 enables a comprehensive view to emerge of the community as it was on the eve of the Nazi assault. The study then analyses the spiralling events that led to its eventual destruction. The story of the Magdeburg Jewish community in both the public and private domains has been explored from the Nazi accession to power in 1933 up until April 1945, when only a handful of Jews in the city witnessed liberation. This study has combined both archival material and oral history to reconstruct the period. Secondary literature has largely been incorporated and used in a comparative sense and as reference material. This study has interpreted and viewed the period from an essentially Jewish perspective. That is to say, in documenting the experiences of the Jews of Magdeburg, this study has focused almost exclusively on how this population simultaneously lived and grappled with the deteriorating situation. Much attention has been placed on how it reacted and responded at key junctures in the processes of disenfranchisement, exclusion and finally destruction. This discussion also includes how and why Jews reached decisions to abandon their Heimat and what their experiences with departure were. In the final chapter of the community’s story, an exploration has been made of how the majority of those Jews who vi remained endured the final years of humiliation and stigmatisation. All but a few perished once the implementation of the ‘Final Solution’ reached Magdeburg in April 1942. The epilogue of this study charts the experiences of those who remained in the city, some of whom survived to tell their story. vii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to all Jewish Magdeburger, past, present and future. It is particularly dedicated, however, to those Jewish Magdeburger, who reached the safe shores of Australia and to their loved ones and friends, who did not and were subsequently consumed by the catastrophe which engulfed European Jewry. The Magdeburg interviewees have all remained a constant source of admiration, inspiration and deep respect throughout the lifespan of this research project and beyond. viii Abbreviations and Acronyms AKPS Archiv des Konsistoriums der Evangelischen Kirche der Kirchenprovinz Sachsen, Magdeburg. ALJGSA Archiv des Landesverbandes Jüdischer Gemeinden Sachsen- Anhalt, Magdeburg. ASGM Archiv der Synagogen-Gemeinde zu Magdeburg, Magdeburg. BAB Bundesarchiv, Berlin. BdM Bund deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls). The female branch of the Nazi youth movement. BLHA Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv, Potsdam. CAHJP The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem. CE Common Era. CJA Archiv der Stiftung ‘Neue Synagoge Berlin – Centrum Judaicum’, Berlin. CV Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens (Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith). Gestapa Geheimes Staatspolizeiamt (Office of the Gestapo, the Secret State Police). HJ Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth). The male branch of the Nazi youth movement. LBIA NY Leo Baeck Institute Archives and Library, New York. LHASA D Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt – Abteilung Dessau, Dessau. LHASA MD Landesarchiv Magdeburg – Landeshauptarchiv Sachsen- Anhalt, Magdeburg. NS-HAGO Nationalsozialistische Handwerks-, und Gewerbe- Organisation (National Socialist Organisation of Crafts, Commerce and Industry). Main Nazi middle-class interest group and most militant instigator of middle-class boycott activity of Jewish establishments. ix RM Reichsmark. Unit of currency in Germany until 1945. SA Sturmabteilung (Storm Detachment). The storm troopers or ‘Brownshirts,’ founded in 1921 as a private army of the Nazi Party under Ernst Röhm. Hitler’s first bodyguard, later eclipsed by the SS after the massacre of its leadership in June 1934 in the so-called ‘Röhm Putsch.’ SD Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service). The intelligence branch of the SS, formed in March 1934. Composed of what was said to be the elite of the elite. The SD was responsible for the security of Hitler, the Nazi hierarchy, the Nazi Party and the Third Reich. SJMA Sydney Jewish Museum Archives and Library, Sydney. SS Schutzstaffel (Protection Squads). Protection squads formed in 1925, the black-shirted personal bodyguard of Hitler which grew into the most powerful organisation in the Nazi Party and the Nazi State, under the leadership of Heinrich Himmler. STAM Stadtarchiv Magdeburg, Magdeburg. USA The United States of America. USHMMA United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, Washington, D. C. YVA Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem. x Glossary Abteilungsleiter – Section or Department Head. Achte Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz – Eighth Decree of the Reich Citizenship Law. This decree was enacted on 17 January 1939. Aliyah (literally ‘Going up’) – Immigration to Palestine. Allgemeine Deutsche Credit-Anstalt, Filiale Magdeburg – Magdeburg branch of the General German Credit Bank. Allgemeiner Rabbinerverband Deutschlands – General Union of Rabbis of Germany. Altreich (literally ‘Old Reich’) – Germany, with the geographical boundaries of Germany prior to the annexations of foreign territory. Altstadt – Old Town Centre. Bar Mitzvah (literally ‘Son of the Law’) – Religious ceremony to mark a Jewish boy’s religious maturity at the age of thirteen. Bat Mitzvah (literally ‘Daughter of the Law’) – Religious ceremony to mark a Jewish girl’s religious maturity at the age of twelve. Berufsbeamtengesetz – Law for the Restoration for the Professional Civil Service. This law was enacted on 7 April 1933. Betverein ‘Ahawas Reim’ – ‘Love of One’s Fellow Man’ Prayer Association. One of the Shtibl communities in Magdeburg. Beth Din (literally ‘House of Judgement’) – Rabbinical Court of Law. Bezirksstelle Sachsen-Thüringen der Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland Verwaltungsstelle Magdeburg – Madgeburg Administrative Office of the Regional Bureau of the National Association of Jews in Germany. B’nai B’rith (literally ‘Sons of the Covenant’) – Jewish service organisation. Brith Chaluzim Dathiim (literally ‘Religious Pioneers of the Covenant’) – Zionist youth organisation in Magdeburg. ‘Brucks höhere Handelsschule’ – Vocational business college in Magdeburg owned by Alfred Bruck and under the directorship of Albert Hirschland. The college was later renamed ‘Kaufmännische Privatschule’ (‘Private Business College’).