L E G A L I N T E G R AT I O N O F I S L A M C h r i s t i a n J o p p k e J o h n T o r p e y A T r a n s a t l a n t i c C o m p a r i s o n Legal Integration of Islam LEGAL INTEGRATION OF ISLAM A Transatlantic Comparison CHRISTIAN JOPPKE JOHN TORPEY HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2013 Copyright © 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Joppke, Christian. Legal integration of Islam : a transatlantic comparison / Christian Joppke and John Torpey. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674-0 7284- 8 (alk. paper) 1. Legal polycentricity— Europe. 2. Legal polycentricity— North America. 3. Islamic law— Europe. 4. Islamic law—N orth America. I. Torpey, John, 1959– II. Title. K236.J67 2013 340.9094—dc23 2012038238 For our children, who know something of the complexities of integration Contents 1 Introduction: Neutrality, Liberalism, and Islam Integration in Europe and America 1 WESTERN EUROPE 17 2 Limits of Excluding: The French Burqa Law of 2010 21 3 Limits of Including: The German Reluctance to “Cooperate” with Organized Islam 48 NORTH AMERICA 85 4 “Reasonable Accommodation” and the Limits of Multiculturalism in Canada 89 5 The Dog That Didn’t Bark: Islam and Religious Pluralism in the United States 114 6 Conclusion: Islam and Identity in the Liberal State 139 Notes 163 Court Cases 181 Bibliography 185 Acknowledgments 199 Index 201 Legal Integration of Islam