Introduction to IoT with Machine Learning and Image Processing using Raspberry Pi Introduction to IoT with Machine Learning and Image Processing using Raspberry Pi Shrirang Ambaji Kulkarni Varadraj P. Gurupur Steven L. Fernandes MATLAB®isatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission.TheMathWorks doesnotwarranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook.Thisbook’suseordiscussionof MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorksofaparticularpedagogicalapproachorparticularuseoftheMATLAB®software. Firsteditionpublished2020 byCRCPress 6000BrokenSoundParkwayNW,Suite300,BocaRaton,FL33487-2742 andbyCRCPress 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN ©2020Taylor&FrancisGroup,LLC CRCPressisanimprintofTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC InternationalStandardBookNumber-13:978-1-138-54352-2(Hardback) InternationalStandardBookNumber-13:978-1-351-00666-8(eBook) Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publishercannotassumeresponsibilityforthevalidityofallmaterialsortheconsequencesoftheir use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproducedinthispublicationandapologizetocopyrightholdersifpermissiontopublishinthis formhasnotbeenobtained.Ifanycopyrightmaterialhasnotbeenacknowledgedpleasewriteand letusknowsowemayrectifyinanyfuturereprint. ExceptaspermittedunderU.S.CopyrightLaw,nopartofthisbookmaybereprinted,reproduced, transmitted,orutilizedinanyformbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownor hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storageorretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers. Forpermissiontophotocopyorusematerialelectronicallyfromthiswork,accesswww.copyright.com orcontacttheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.(CCC),222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,978- 750-8400.ForworksthatarenotavailableonCCCpleasecontactmpkbookspermissions@tandf.co.uk Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and areusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. Contents Authors, vii CHAPTER 1 ■ Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 ■ Raspberry Pi Unraveled 7 CHAPTER 3 ■ Python and Its Libraries for Machine Learning 19 CHAPTER 4 ■ Machine Learning 81 CHAPTER 5 ■ Introduction to Image Processing 125 BIBLIOGRAPHY, 151 INDEX, 153 v Authors Dr. Shrirang Ambaji Kulkarni is a prolific learner, author, and faculty member with18-plusyears ofexperienceinthe fieldofComputer Science and Engineering. He is currently working as an Associate Professor at the National Institute of Engineering in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mysore, India. Dr. Varadraj P. Gurupur is an distinguished faculty member and researcher in the field of Health Informatics. He has authored many research articles in reputed journals. He is currently working as an AssociateProfessorattheUniversityofCentralFloridaintheDepartment ofHealthInformatics,Florida,USA. Dr. Steven Lawrence Fernandes is a high-profile researcher in the field of Image Processing. He is currently working as Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Central Florida in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Florida, USA. vii 1 CHAPTER Introduction I n the last three decades, technology has changed the way we live our lives.Thishappenstobeauniversallyacceptedtruth.Inthisbook,we attempt to illustrate the use of a new technology that has changed the worldofcommunication,computingandcomputingeducation.Interest- ingly,thenameofthistechnologycoincideswiththatofafamousdessert namedRaspberryPie.RaspberryPiisasingleboardcomputerdeveloped in the United Kingdom. Incidentally, the organization that started this is known as the Raspberry Pi Foundation. This was first launched in theyear2012. Bytheyear2015,RaspberryPihadgainedwide-scalepopularity.Oneof the key features of this technology was its size and adaptability. In some strange ways, Raspberry Pi was the panacea the world of technology was dreaming of. To build on this idea of a tiny computer, one must consider the fact that more than a decade ago you would have computer programs running on desktops wired to electromechanical systems that would use them.TheadventoftheRaspberryPienablesthecommunityoftechnology developerstoinnovatehandhelddevicesthancanencompassthepowerof regular computers. Our intention in writing this book is twofold: a) we want to provide a basic understanding of how a Raspberry Pi can be used for simple applications, and b) we want to provide fundamental informa- tiononhowaRaspberryPicanbeusedtoadvanceinnovationsinmachine learningandimagerecognition. While providing fundamental information on Raspberry Pi, we will help students comprehend the necessary information required to develop 1