Indo-European Numerals Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 57 Editor Werner Winter Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York Indo-European Numerals Edited by Jadranka Gvozdanovic Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York 1992 Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. © Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Indo-European numerals / edited by Jadranka Gvozdanovic, p. cm. — (Trends in linguistics. Studies and mono- graphs ; 57) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-11-011322-8 (cloth: acid free paper) 1. Indo-European languages — Numerals. I. Gvozdanovic, Jadranka. II. Series. P643.I53 1991 91-36751 410 —dc20 CIP Die Deutsche Bibliothek — Cataloging in Publication Data Indo-European numerals / ed. by Jadranka Gvozdanovic. — Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1991 (Trends in linguistics : Studies and monographs ; 57) ISBN 3-11-011322-8 NE: Gvozdanovic, Jadranka [Hrsg.]; Trends in linguistics / Studies and monographs © Copyright 1991 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., D-1000 Berlin 30 All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Typesetting: Arthur Collignon GmbH, Berlin. — Printing: Gerike, Berlin. — Binding: Liideritz & Bauer GmbH, Berlin. Printed in Germany. Preface This volume on Indo-European numerals has its origin two decennia ago, when the late A. S. C. Ross approached Hermann Berger, Robert G. G. Coleman, Bernard Comrie, Heiner Eichner, Ronald Emmerick, David Greene, G. Klingenschmitt, Kenneth R. Norman, Edgar C. Polome, Glanville Price, H. Thesleff and Werner Winter proposing that they write chapters on numerals in the Indo-European language(s) in which they were specializing. They did so, and their original contributions date from late 1960s and early 1970s. A. S. C. Ross provided some general comments on Indo-European numerals, supplemented by an excursus on Tocharian tumane by H. W. Bailey and an excursus on Mesopotamian numerals by W. G. Lambert. A. S. C. Ross also wrote a chapter on Germanic, notes on analogy as mentioned in the various chapters, and compiled a list of lesser-known languages and localities mentioned in the various chapters. In the process of editing the volume, A. S. C. Ross retyped the original manuscripts using his own system of cross-referencing. Unfortunately, he passed away before he was able to accomplish the task to an extent which would have made it possible to publish the volume; this was partly due to missing bibliographical data which had been planned to be presented in an integrated bibliography of the entire volume. After A. S. C. Ross's death, Mouton Publishers tried to proceed with the publication of this volume and W. Winter, the editor of Trends in Linguistics, devised a system of chapter organization so as to make the presented information more easily accessible. In the process of editing the volume, however, W. Winter found himself in a position when essential information was missing which seemed impossible to supply; in any case the task at hand exceeded by far the usual work of an editor, especially in view of new data on numerals which had became available since the beginning of the preparatory work on this volume. Due to these circumstances, the Indo-European numerals volume seemed to be doomed to remain unpublished. However, the manuscripts were still being kept at the Linguistics Department of the University of Kiel when I arrived there as a Humboldt scholar in order to investigate numeral change and decay in the Tibeto-Burman languages of East Nepal, on the basis of the Linguistic Survey of Nepal questionnaires at the vi Preface University of Kiel, in addition to my own field-work in Nepal. It struck me that the manuscripts on Indo-European numerals contained too many valuable data on numeral developments, and extensive comparative evi- dence, to remain unpublished. On the basis of W. Winter's advice and with Mouton's consent, I took up the publication of this volume after completing my Tibeto-Burman numeral investigations. In the process of the preparation of this volume, I wrote to the contributors to the volume (with the exception of D. Greene and A. S. C. Ross, who were no longer alive any more, and with the exception of Sir Walter Bailey and W. G. Lambert, due to a more limited new conception of the volume), asking them whether they were still in agreement with the publication of their manuscripts, and, if so, to send me their original bibliographies and any text revisions they might wish. With the exception of G. Klingenschmitt and H. Thesleff (who had contributed chapters on Albanian and Greek respectively), all the authors approached agreed to have their texts published in the volume I was proposing to edit. G. Klingenschmitt had decided to publish his manuscript on Albanian nu- merals elsewhere, and H. Thesleff had no time to revise his manuscript on Greek numerals, a revision of which he considered necessary. On the basis of these reactions, W. Winter and I proposed that E. Hamp should write a chapter on Albanian numerals and F. M. J. Waanders on Greek numerals. In addition to these changes as compared with the original conception of the volume, we also had to face the fact that two authors, H. Berger and Edgar C. Polome, had published the texts originally intended for this volume elsewhere (i.e., Berger in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 47, 1986: 23 — 70, and Polome in the Journal on Indo- European Studies 14: 1 -2,1986: 185-189). We finally decided to publish Berger's somewhat modified English version of his original chapter on Modern Indo-Aryan numerals, and to reprint Polome's "A Note on Thraco-Phrygian numerals" with the consent of the editor of the Journal on Indo-European Studies, and with an addendum by Polome in concern of recent evidence on Thraco-Phrygian. A major revision of the original chapter on Germanic numerals, needed in view of incomplete references and new evidence which had become available in the meantime, was carried out by J. Berns. In addition to these chapters, which were already present in the original conception of this volume, there are also two newly written ones: a general chapter about Indo-European numeral reconstruction, called "Some thoughts about Indo-European numerals", and a chapter entitled "Remarks on numeral systems" which tries to formulate a link between Preface vii the Indo-European tradition of numeral investigation and recent theo- retical interest in numerals which has been developed independently of Indo-European studies. The present volume presents a comprehensive survey of Indo-European evidence on numerals based on our knowledge from two decennia ago and updated where the authors considered it appropriate (which applied especially in the case of Tocharian, Thraco- Phrygian, Greek, and Germanic).1 The basic arrangement of each chapter is the following throughout the volume: X.O Introduction X.l. Cardinals X.1.0. Introduction X.l.l. One' etc. X.l.10. 'Ten' X.l.l 1. 'Teens' X.l. 12. 'Twenty' X.l. 13. 'Thirty' - 'ninety' X.l.14. 'Hundreds' X.l. 15. 'Thousands' (and upwards) X.2. Ordinals X.2.0. Introduction, etc. as above X.3. Fractions X.3.0. Introduction, etc., as above X.4. Other categories as needed X.4.0. Introduction, etc., as above ('X' refers to the number of the chapter. Finer divisions reflect the author's own subdivision of the text — if any, as no guidelines had been given to the authors before they wrote their texts.) Major deviations from this schema are found in the chapters on Anatolian and Balto-Slavonic. In the chapter on Anatolian, the second figure denotes the numeral discussed, and the third figure denotes either a cardinal numeral, if it is "1", or an ordinal numeral, if it is "2" — e.g. "3.1.1." denotes that within the third chapter (Anatolian) the cardinal numeral "one" is being discussed. In the chapter on Balto-Slavonic, on the other hand, the second figure denotes the numeral discussed, and the last figure — if it is not preceded by "0" — denotes a cardinal numeral if it is "1", and an ordinal numeral if it is "2". viii Preface The chapters are (whenever possible) based on the original manuscripts supplied by the authors and on their original bibliographies. Where appropriate, an explanatory list of the abbreviations used in the text has been included at the end of the chapter. In several chapters, the authors have chosen to make a distinction between minor references, fully given in the text, and major references, given in the bibliography. The major references have been standardized. The minor references aim at giving sufficient information to the reader, though it has not been possible to fully standardize these.2 Bibliographical abbreviations follow the system used in Linguistic Bibliography, with additions in several chapters which have been explained separately. It wish to thank the authors for their willingness to reconsider their manuscripts, and all the people who have contributed towards this pub- lication in the course of the years. Among them, I especially wish to thank the editor of Trends in Linguistics for his constructive contribu- tions, and the Editor in Chief of Mouton de Gruyter for all the stimulating efforts towards this publication. It seems more than appropriate to dedicate this volume to the memory of its initiator, Alan S. C. Ross. Jadranka Gvozdanovic Notes 1. Among recent studies mentioning numeral etymologies, I would like to draw the reader's attention to Τ. V. Gamkrelidze — V. V. Ivanov (1984): Indoevropej- skij jazyk i indoevropejcy, (Tblisi, Izdatel'stvo Tbilisskogo Universiteta) 2: 842 — 855 ("Cislitel'nye i sistema sceta" [Numerals and the system of counting]). 2. The authors' own reconstruction and transcription preferences were followed as much as possible: — in the presence vs. absence of a reconstructed series of palatal velars; — in the transcription of the laryngeals as H H, H, or H, Η , H, or E, u 2 3 c Λ 0 A, O, or 3U a2, — in the glide transcription, where y and w were used whenever possible, and otherwise i and u were respected. Contents Preface V Chapter 1 Remarks on numeral systems 1 Jadranka Gvozdanovic Chapter 2 Some thoughts about Indo-European numerals 11 Werner Winter Chapter 3 Anatolian 29 Heiner Eichner Chapter 4 Tocharian 97 Werner Winter Chapter 5 Old Indian 163 Ronald Emmerick Chapter 6 Middle Indo-Aryan 199 K. R. Norman Chapter 7 Modern Indo-Aryan 243 Hermann Berger Chapter 8 Iranian 289 Ronald Emmerick Chapter 9 Armenian 347 Werner Winter Chapter 10 Thraco-Phrygian 361 Edgar C. Polome Chapter 11 Greek 369 Frederik Μ. J. Waanders Chapter 12 Italic 389 Robert Coleman Chapter 13 Romance 447 Glanville Price