2015 Independent Living Survey Project Summary of Findings Identifying & Understanding the Needs of Homeless Youth in Tompkins County, New York “Give them a chance. Hear them out. Help with education. Help them try to be somebody. Show them the right thing to do.” - Survey Respondent This project was undertaken for the Tompkins County Continuum of Care Committee and the Human Services Coalition of Tompkins County. It was made possible with support from: United Way Youth and Philanthropy Funds The Social Services League of Ithaca The Community Partnership Board, Cornell University This project was a collaboration among: Jane Powers, PhD Cornell University Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research Tompkins County Youth Services Department The Learning Web Young Adult Participants in the Learning Web’s Youth Outreach Program 2015 Independent Living Survey Final Report Page 2 of 35 STUDY TEAM MEMBERS Learning Web Youth Researchers: Michael Alexander Francis Marte Shanice Alexander Roxas Montagano Blane Bent David Raup Joezayla Berrios Xavier Raza Marcus Collins Alexis Richardson Simone Davis Jessica Richardson Rose Fleurant Anthony Sundquist Alan Godfrey Samone Thomas-Owens Courtney Jacobsen Shady Winston Shana King Learning Web Staff: Dale Schumacher, Executive Director Sally Schwartzbach, Associate Director Larry Farbman, Youth Outreach Coordinator Mona Smiley, Case Manager Miles Merwin, Case Manager Megan Croft, Case Manager Tompkins County Youth Services Department: Amie Hendrix, Director Cornell University, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research: Jane Levine Powers, Project Director, Assets Coming Together (ACT) for Youth Center of Excellence Christine Heib, Research Support Specialist, ACT for Youth Olivia Eilers, Undergraduate Research Assistant For more information about this project:, contact Jane Powers at 607-255-3993 or INTRODUCTION In conjunction with the Tompkins County Continuum of Care Committee (CoC), the county’s planning entity for homeless services, and in response to a community need to document the number of homeless youth, the 2015 Independent Living Survey 4 (ILS4) Project was conducted. ILS4, a community-based participatory research project, was a follow up to three similar surveys completed in 2004 (ILS1) and 2007 (ILS2), and 2011 (ILS3). The results of these previous surveys have had a significant impact on the community and services for independent youth. The ILS projects have generated solid data used to develop state and federal funding sources bringing in over $260,000 in expanded services for homeless youth. The Learning Web secured these funds to create a Supportive Transitional Housing Program. 93 homeless youth secured transitional supported housing since the program’s inception in 2008. 81 residents exited from this program in 12-18 months and 97% of them secured stable housing. The CoC asked us to repeat this effort in order to update the findings and assess change over time. Young people approach the issue of shelter differently than adults, often preferring the uncertainties of their housing situations over the perceived loss of control associated with shelters and residential programs. As such, they are rarely captured by traditional measures used to assess the prevalence of homelessness, such as point-in-time counts and shelter utilization statistics. Thus, efforts to count or otherwise describe homeless youth that rely primarily upon these data sources vastly underestimate the true extent of the problem. Using a unique approach, the study team engaged a group of formerly homeless youth as research partners who were able to reach those individuals not connected to programs or services, the invisible and underserved sector of the homeless youth population. The youth researchers were involved in all aspects of the project, from designing the tools, to recruiting subjects, collecting the data, interpreting the findings, and presenting results to community stakeholders. We were able to reach the invisible and underserved sector of the homeless youth population. The benefits of engaging young people in the research process are significant— youth involvement in generating and interpreting knowledge is a powerful strategy to promote positive youth development, advance research, impact policy, and improve services for homeless youth. Once again, the project was enormously successful: we reached 208 young people between February and April 2015 (we estimate that this represents almost 21% of the homeless youth population in the 1 county ). The Independent Living Survey Project has been the catalyst for a rich public discussion about this sizeable population of vulnerable youth in the community and has generated the public will to prioritize articulating a “continuum of care” that is focused exclusively on the needs of homeless youth. PROJECT PARTNERSHIP This Community-University partnership began in 2003 when the first survey (ILS1) and project methodology were developed. The overall research approach has been followed for subsequent studies: ILS2, ILS3, and the current ILS4. For this project wave, a study team was formed in the fall of 2014 1 This estimate is derived from comparing the number of unaccompanied youth and young adults to age 24 who used the Rescue Mission Shelter in 2014 [ 71 young people as per the Homeless Management Information System], to the number of ILS respondents who said they used the shelter in the past year [15 respondents out of 208 total respondents]. Therefore, 71X208÷15= 985 estimated homeless youth population in Tompkins County. 2015 Independent Living Survey Final Report Page 4 of 35 and planning began for the 2015 follow up project. The team engaged 19 youth researchers, all of whom were current or past participants in the Learning Web’s Youth Outreach Program. These young people revised the survey questions, completed the National Institutes of Health Human Subjects Training, learned to administer the survey and identify the sample. They administered surveys to the target group of community youth during the period between February and April 2015. Youth who agreed to be interviewed were given a coupon for a free sandwich from a local deli. Youth Researchers earned an hourly stipend for all planning meetings, a flat rate per survey completed, and a sandwich coupon per survey completed. A Cornell Research Support Specialist and an undergraduate research assistant assisted in the planning meetings, training of researchers, compiled the data, and generated reports. The youth researchers along with the study team met on several occasions to discuss and interpret the findings at “Data Dialog” sessions. In addition, the Research team will present survey findings to key community stakeholders and decision makers. The results will be used to guide community and school efforts to prevent youth homelessness and to fill the gaps in services which unattended youth face daily. We value the time and effort spent by the youth researchers and those they interviewed and thank them for their willingness to share their insights and life experiences. POPULATION SURVEYED In order to be included in the study, young people had to meet the following criteria: 1. if they “lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. (The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (42 USC 11302) definition of children and youth as homeless.) 2. They are age 24 or younger; 3. They are not a Cornell or Ithaca College student; 4. They did not already complete a 2015 survey. Interviews were conducted with youth primarily in their natural network settings in the community as well as in the Youth Outreach office. RESPONDENT DEMOGRAPHICS Total number of survey respondents was 208. The demographic charts reveal a fairly even distribution regarding the gender and age of the 208 survey respondents.  No respondents listed their gender as other and no one refused to answer the question.  Slightly over half of the sample is over 20 years of age with 33% between 18-20 years and 11% between 13-17 years of age. 2015 Independent Living Survey Final Report Page 5 of 35  The independently living youth population is much more diverse than the general population in Tompkins County, where 79% are white, non-Hispanic. 48% of respondents identified themselves as youth of color. Gender Age Figure 1. Percent of all respondents by gender Figure 2. Percent of all respondents by age group 13 - 17 years old 11% Male Female 21 - 24 18 - 20 49% years years 51% old old 56% 33% Race/Ethnicity Figure 3. Percent of all respondents by race/ethnicity Asian and Pacific Native American Other Islander or Alaskan Hispanic/Latino 3% 4% Native (Mexican, 4% Puerto Rican, Cuban, Latin American) 8% Both Black and White White, non- 11% Hispanic 52% Black, non- Hispanic 25% 2015 Independent Living Survey Final Report Page 6 of 35 HOUSING The local housing market makes finding and securing housing very dificult and exponentialy so for homeles youth. Although Tompkins County has a high percentage of rental stock there is a very low vacancy rate resulting in high rents and stif competition for available units. Local youth and young adults who are living independently cannot compete with colege students and families who have far greater resources both in terms of fin ances and independent living skills. The lack of housing stability affects every other area of a young person’s life including education, jobs, finances, and interpersonal relations—making it nearly impossible to reach “If your household is broken the milestones that typical adolescents and young adults achieve as they prepare for independence. and you have no one to guide you, you make When designing the ILS survey, we never used the word “homeless” or asked youth to identify themselves as such. decisions at a very early When young people do not have a safe place to go that they age but if your parents are consider home, they may be able to piece together a patchwork more interested in your of more or less temporary housing situations, but they are education, the odds work homeless. Often homeless youth themselves have a stereotypical view of “homelessness” –someone living on a out better for you.” heating grate on the streets— and do not identify themselves as being homeless. We use the term “independent youth” to avoid the negative stereotypes and to convey the positive characteristics of this population; foremost, their courage and resilience in the face of significant challenges. Although youths’ flexibility and resiliency are key to their survival, the lack of basics that has defined so much of their lives has given them a mean standard to assess their own situations. Information on housing was collected by providing youth with a list of places and asking them to identify: 1) where they were currently living, and 2) all of the places in which they had stayed during the previous year. Current Living Situation Though a significant number of youth indicate they are currently living in one place, a closer look uncovers both the instability of their housing and the poor conditions in which they live. Even those who checked “living at parent’s house” also checked that they were staying at other places. These youth are staying with a parent one night and getting kicked out the next. Just because they are living with a parent, it does not mean that their housing is stable. Like their counterparts in communities across the country, homeless youth in our county piece together their housing using every possible resource and network. Short periods of adequate housing are intertwined with periods of inadequate, unsafe housing, and no housing at all. • On average, respondents reported staying in 2 different places in the past week with a range from 1 to 11 places. However, this is a low estimate of the total number of places: For those indicating they are currently staying in *several friends' houses, apartments, or rooms, this actually means 3 different places on average (range 1 - 12 different friends' places). The younger youth seem to have a less stable living situation, and are currently staying in more places, than the older youth (Table 1). 2015 Independent Living Survey Final Report Page 7 of 35 Table 1. Numbers of places respondents are currently staying by age group. Number of places you are currently staying Number of places 13-20 years 21-24 years 1 47% 75% 2 28% 10% 3 19% 7% 4 2% 2% 5+ 4% 5% • Most commonly, respondents are currently staying in someone else's house, apartment, or room (33%) or in their own house, apartment, or room (32%). See proportion of all respondents staying in each place asked about on the survey in Table 2. Table 2. Places respondents are currently staying. In the past week, where have you stayed? (Respondents could check all that apply) Someone else's house, apartment, or room 33% Own house, apartment, or room 32% Other relatives 22% Parents 19% *Several friends' houses, apartments, or rooms 17% Room paid for by a voucher 11% Emergency shelter 11% Guardian 4% Jail 3% Transportation site 3% Place of business 3% Anywhere outside 3% Transitional living or housing program 2% Hotel or motel 2% Abandoned building 2% Other 1% Juvenile Detention 1% Institution 1% College Dorm 1% • The majority of respondents (88%) have moved 5 times or less in the past month. However, 12% of respondents have moved 6 or more times in a month. 2015 Independent Living Survey Final Report Page 8 of 35 “I couch-surfed in high school. It was real. I had to go to one side of town for my clothes, the other side of town to get my textbooks, and another place to pick up my work uniform. It was real.” ILS4 Youth Researcher Adequacy of Current Housing There were mixed responses to an open-ended question regarding how respondents feel about their current living situation. The range of responses reflects the respondents’ housing stability at the time of the interview. Some expressed that they are currently satisfied, while others stated that it is ok now, but only after many struggles, or only for a short while. Others are not satisfied for reasons including, but not limited to, size, cleanliness, conflict with others, and safety. In general, respondents have a definite desire for their own place. “Yes - finally my own apartment after a lot of struggle and need for assistance.” “I am really unsafe. The guy I am staying with tries to do bad things to me” “Good home. Kind of small, lots of people, would like to get my own home sometime” “Not satisfied, I have no personal space; I sleep in the living room on a mattress. The people I live with feel very strongly about political situations that I cannot agree with. Threats against relatives are persistent.” “Landlord is a slumlord who doesn't care about the client’s safety. Unsafe because my front door was kicked in and hasn't been replaced.” • The majority (65%) feel safe all of the time. However, 35% of respondents indicated that they feel safe only some or none of the time in their current living situation. Living Situation Over the Past Year Homeless youth in Tompkins County are often invisible— staying at multiple places with friends, acquaintances, and even strangers, never knowing where they will be sleeping that night. This is evident when looking at youths’ housing over the past year; the level of housing instability increases dramatically as compared to current living situation. 2015 Independent Living Survey Final Report Page 9 of 35 • From the information contained in Table 3 below, respondents reported staying in 1 – 3 different places over the past year, with a range of 1 – 19 actual places. Regardless of the number of places indicated in Table 3, Table 4 shows that 38% of respondents reported staying in “several friends’ houses, apartments or rooms.” Of that 38%, about half claimed staying in 1 – 5 different friends and about half indicated staying with 6 or more friends. • The majority of respondents (70%) have moved 5 times or less in the past year. 31% of those, have not moved at all. This last group may appear stable but they have no guarantee that they can stay where they are for the long run as indicated by respondents’ comments: “I sleep on the couch and I'm just waiting to get my own place.” “I live with my girlfriend and it’s a bad situation for me because if things don’t go her way then she tells me to get out.” “It is only a room and it is in a bad building with a lot of activity.” • However, 26% of respondents have moved 6 or more times in the past year. • Again, the younger youth seem to have a less stable living situation, and are staying in more places, than the older youth (Table 3). Table 3. Numbers of places respondents have stayed in the past year by age group. Number of places you have stayed in the past 12 months Number of places 13-20 years 21-24 years 1 24% 36% 2-3 50% 40% 4-5 15% 14% 6-7 5% 4% 8-9 2% 3% 10+ 1% 2% • Most commonly, respondents have stayed in someone else's house, apartment, or room (47%) or with other relatives (42%). Table 4 illustrates all of the places respondents had lived during the previous year. 2015 Independent Living Survey Final Report Page 10 of 35