IEEE 802.11ba IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Sarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief Jón Atli Benediktsson Andreas Molisch Diomidis Spinellis Anjan Bose Saeid Nahavandi Ahmet Murat Tekalp Adam Drobot Jeffery Reed Peter (Yong) Lian Thomas Robertaazi IEEE 802.11ba Ultra- Low Power Wake- up Radio Standard Steve Shellhammer Alfred Asterjadhi Yanjun Sun Published by Standards Information Network IEEE Standards designations are trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated (wwww.ieee.org). Non- IEEE trademarks are the respective property of their owners. Copyright © 2023 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2 974, outside the United States at (317) 572- 3993 or fax (317) 572- 4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Shellhammer, Stephen J., author. | Asterjadhi, Alfred, author. | Sun, Yanjun (Engineer), author. Title: IEEE 802.11ba : ultra-low power wake-up radio standard / Stephen Jay Shellhammer, Alfred Asterjadhi, Yanjun Sun. Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2023] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022049546 (print) | LCCN 2022049547 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119670957 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119670995 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119670902 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: IEEE 802.11 (Standard) | Radio–Receivers and reception. Classification: LCC TK5105.5668 .S54 2023 (print) | LCC TK5105.5668 (ebook) | DDC 004.67–dc23/eng/20221107 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022049546 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022049547 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © Jackie Niam/Shutterstock Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India v Contents Author Biography xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview 3 1.3 Book Outline 5 2 Overview of IEEE 802.11 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer 10 2.2.1 Operating Frequencies and Bandwidths 10 2.2.2 OFDM 11 2.2.3 OFDM PPDU 12 2.3 Overview of IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer 16 2.3.1 Network Discovery 16 2.3.2 Connection Setup 18 2.3.3 Coordinated Wireless Medium Access 19 2.3.4 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 20 2.3.5 Security 20 2.3.6 Time Synchronization 21 2.3.7 Power- Saving Mechanisms 21 2.3.8 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 23 2.4 Conclusions 24 References 24 vi Contents 3 Wake- up Radio Concept 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Primary Sources of Power Consumption in an IEEE 802.11 Station 26 3.2.1 Power Consumption in Transmit Mode 26 3.2.2 Power Consumption in Receive Mode 28 3.2.3 Power Consumption in Sleep Mode 30 3.2.4 Power Consumption in Deep Sleep Mode 30 3.3 Wake- up Radio Concept 31 3.4 Example of Power Consumption Using a Wake-u p Radio 37 3.5 Selection of Duty Cycle Values 39 3.6 Conclusions 42 4 Physical Layer Description 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Requirements 45 4.3 Regulations 47 4.4 Link Budget Considerations 50 4.5 Modulation 53 4.6 Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) Structure 55 4.6.1 Non- WUR Portion of PPDU 55 4.6.2 Sync Field 58 4.6.3 Data Field 61 4.7 Symbol Randomization 62 4.8 FDMA Operation 66 4.8.1 40 MHz FDMA 66 4.8.2 80 MHz FDMA 67 4.9 Additional Topics 67 4.10 Conclusions 68 References 68 5 Physical Layer Performance 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Generic Non- coherent Receiver 73 5.3 Simulation Description 75 5.3.1 Transmitter Model 76 Contents vii 5.3.2 MC- OOK Symbol Waveform Generation 76 5.3.3 Channel Model 77 5.3.4 Receiver Model 79 5.3.5 Performance Metrics 80 5.4 PHY Performance: Simulation Results 81 5.4.1 Sync Field Detection Rate 82 5.4.2 Sync Field Classification Error Rate 83 5.4.3 Sync Field Timing Error 85 5.4.4 Packet Error Rate 88 5.4.5 Effects of Transmit Diversity 88 5.5 Link Budget Comparison 92 5.5.1 Comparison to the 6 Mb/s OFDM PHY 93 5.5.2 Comparison to the 1 Mb/s Non-OFDM PHY 94 5.6 Conclusions 95 References 95 6 Wake- up Radio Medium Access Control 97 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Network Discovery 97 6.2.1 General 97 6.2.2 WUR Discovery 98 6.3 Connectivity and Synchronization 102 6.3.1 General 102 6.3.2 WUR Beacon Frame Generation 102 6.3.3 WUR Beacon Frame Processing 104 6.4 Power Management 105 6.4.1 General 105 6.4.1.1 MR Power Management 105 6.4.1.2 WUR Power Management 106 6.4.2 WUR Modes 108 6.4.2.1 WUR Mode Setup 108 6.4.2.2 WUR Mode Update 110 6.4.2.3 WUR Mode Suspend and Resume 111 6.4.2.4 WUR Mode Teardown 111 6.4.3 Duty Cycle Operation 112 6.4.3.1 WUR Duty Cycle Period 113 6.4.3.2 WUR Duty Cycle Service Period 114 6.4.3.3 WUR Duty Cycle Start Time 114 viii Contents 6.4.4 WUR Wake Up Operation 116 6.4.4.1 Individual DL BU Delivery Context 116 6.4.4.2 Group Addressed DL BU Delivery Context 119 6.4.4.3 Critical BSS Update Delivery Context 121 6.4.5 Use of WUR Short Wake- up Frames 124 6.4.6 Keep Alive Frames 126 6.5 Frequency Division Multiple Access 127 6.6 Protected Wake- up Frames 129 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 Medium Access Control Frame Design 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Information Elements 131 7.2.1 General 131 7.2.2 Elements Supporting MR Functionalities 132 7.2.2.1 DSSS Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.2 EDCA Parameter Set Element 133 7.2.2.3 Channel Switch Announcement Element 135 7.2.2.4 Extended Channel Switch Announcement Element 136 7.2.2.5 HT Operation Element 136 7.2.2.6 VHT Operation Element 137 7.2.2.7 Wide Bandwidth Channel Switch Element 138 7.2.2.8 Channel Switch Wrapper Element 139 7.2.2.9 HE Operation Element 139 7.2.3 Elements Supporting WUR Functionalities 142 7.2.3.1 WUR Capabilities Element 142 7.2.3.2 WUR Operation Element 142 7.2.3.3 WUR Mode Element 145 7.2.3.4 WUR Discovery Element 154 7.2.3.5 WUR PN Update Element 155 7.3 Main Radio MAC Frames 155 7.3.1 Beacon Frame 155 7.3.2 Probe Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.3 (Re)Association Request/Response Frames 156 7.3.4 Action Frames 157 7.4 WUR MAC Frames 157 7.4.1 WUR Beacon Frame 161 7.4.2 WUR Wake- up Frame 161