Identification Manual of Commercial Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Nepal Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA) 2017 PUBLICATION Identification Manual of Commercial Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Nepal Publisher: Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA) Supported by: Implementing the NTIS in the sector of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (IN-MAPS) project financed by the Enhanced Integrated Framework EIF) with additional financial support from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the Government of Nepal. © All Rights reserved to the Publisher. Published date (English Version): April, 2017 Published: 500 copies Writer and Editor: Khilendra Gurung and Dipesh Pyakurel Assistance Editor: Dr. Suresh Kumar Ghimire and Bhesh Raj Oli Layout & Design: Sudarshan Singh, Mount Design Works, Putalisadak, Kathmandu Cover Pictures: Khilendra Gurung Front Cover Pictures (anti-clockwise from top left): Sunpati (Rhododendron anthopogon) Padamchaal (Rheum australe) Satuwa (Paris polyphylla) Rithha (Sapindus mukorossi) Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) Khiraula, Ban Lasun (Lilium nepalense) Back Cover Picture: Himalayan Poppy (Meconopsis horridula) ISBN: 978-9937-2-5369-7 Price: NPR 400 (Institutional) NPR 300 (Individual) US $ 10 (Abroad) Citation: Gurung, K. and Pyakurel, D. 2017. Identification Manual of Commercial Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Nepal. Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA). Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal. FOREWORD Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) have been used since ancient times for healthcare and it has been estimated that about 80% population in developing countries still rely on medicinal plants for their healthcare. But with rising global demand, people engaged in collection and trade are getting significant economic returns. Collection and trade of medicinal plants is still the major source of income for majority of Nepalese population residing in rural hilly and mountainous regions. These medicinal plants are transported from source to Tarai and Kathmandu for export in crude form. In doing so, lots of actors and facilitating and regulating agencies are engaged in trade. It can be understood that traders find it easy to identify MAPs but it may be difficult for regulatory authorities like District Forest Office Personnel, Custom Officers, Plant Quarantine Officers etc to identify these traded medicinal plants. Sensing the importance of reference book that helps to identify the most traded medicinal plants, NEHHPA, with the support of GIZ WTO/EIF-SP published "Nepalka Pramukh Jadibuti Ko Chinari" in August 2012. The book was highly praised from all stakeholders and as a result, NEHHPA reprinted the same book in 2015. This book is the English translated version of Nepalese one to meet the demand of international readers and to international trade. This book will be a useful tool of communication between the national and international traders to explain and identify the products. This book can be used by MAPs traders, manufacturers, producers, government officials working in the district forest office and department of plant resources, international boarder, airport, quarantine office, custom office, researchers, students along with the individual having interest in MAPs, investors etc. NEHHPA has agreement with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH to carry out the activities of "Implementing the NTIS in the sector of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (IN-MAPS)" project which is financed by the Enhanced Integrated Framework with additional financial support from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the Government of Nepal. We would like to thank the IN-MAPS project for providing financial and technical support of both Nepali and English version. Similarly, we would like to thank both authors Mr. Khilendra Gurung and Mr. Dipesh Pyakurel for preparing such informative and useful piece of work. We would like to thank Associate Professor Dr. Suresh Kumar Ghimire from Tribhuvan University and Mr. Bhesh Raj Oli from BARDAN for editing the book in Nepali version and Mr. Arjun Chapagain for translating the book in English version. We acknowledge Under-secretary Mr. Sagar Kumar Rimal from Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (MoFSC). Similarly, we would like to thank Mr. Sudarshan Singh of Mount Design Works, Ms. Kanchan Bhandari IN-MAPS Project coordinator and Mr. Yubraj Subedi NEHHPA secretary for their tireless contribution. Let’s us promote the use of natural herbs and herbal products for healthy living. Let’s protect the nature. Mr. Govinda Ghimre Mr. Kalyan Gauli President National Programme Manager Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products IN-MAPS Programame Association GIZ CONTENTS Foreword Part I: Introduction 1 Part II: Introduction of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 11 Amala (Phyllanthus emblica) 12 Ashuro (Justicia adhatoda) 13 Aswagandha (Withania somnifera) 14 Atis (Delphinium himalayai) 15 Bajradanti (Potentilla fulgens) 16 Barro (Terminalia bellirica) 17 Bel (Aegle marmelos) 18 Bhojo (Acorus calamus) 19 Bhojpatrako Bokra (Betula utilis) 20 Bhutkesh (Selinum wallichianum) 21 Bish (Aconitum spicatum) 22 Bishfej (Polypodium vulgare) 23 Chamomile Flower (Matricaria chamomilla) 24 Chiraito (Swertia chirayita) 25 Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea) 26 Chutro (Berberis asiatica, B. aristata) 27 Dalechuk, Bhuichuk (Hippophae salicifolia, H. tibetana) 28 Dhasingre (Gaultheria fragrantissima) 29 Dhayero (Woodfordia fruticosa) 30 Dhupi (Juniperus indica) 31 Gamdol (Brachycorythis obcordata) 32 Ghodtapre (Centella asiatica) 33 Githha, vyakur (Dioscorea bulbifera, D. deltoidea) 34 Guchhi Chyau (Morchella conica, M. esculenta) 35 Gurjo (Tinospora sinensis) 36 Harro (Terminalia chebula) 37 Jangali sayapatri (Tagetes minuta) 38 Jatamansi (Nardostachys grandiflora) 39 Jethimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) 40 Jhayau (Parmelia nepalensis) 41 Jimbu (Allium wallichii) 42 Kachur (Curcuma zedoaria) 43 Kakarsingi (Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima) 44 Kakoli (Fritillaria cirrhosa) 45 Kalo Musli (Curculigo orchioides) 46 Kaulo (Persea odoratissima) 47 Kutki (Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora) 48 Laghupatra (Podophyllum hexandrum) 49 Lalgedi, Ratogedi (Abrus precatorius) 50 Lauthsalla (Taxus wallichiana) 51 Majitho (Rubia manjith) 52 Nagbeli (Lycopodium clavatum) 53 Neem (Azadirachta indica) 54 Nirmansi, Nirbishi, Nilobish (Delphinium denudatum) 55 Okhar (Juglans regia) 56 Padamchaal (Rheum australe) 57 Pakhanved (Bergenia ciliata) 58 Panchaunle (Dactylorhiza hatagirea) 59 Pipla (Piper longum) 60 Ritha (Sapindus mukorossi) 61 Rudrakshya (Elaeocarpus sphaericus) 62 Saldhup (Shorea robusta) 63 Salla Simta (Tsuga dumosa) 64 Sarpagandha, Chandmaruwa (Rauvolfia serpentina) 65 Satavari, Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus) 66 Satuwa (Paris polyphylla) 67 Seto Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) 68 Sikakai (Acacia rugata) 69 Siltimur (Lindera neesiana) 70 Simalkoful (Bombax ceiba) 71 Somlata (Ephedra gerardiana) 72 Sugandhkokila (Cinnamomum glaucescens) 73 Sugandhwal, Samayo (Valeriana jatamansii) 74 Sunpati (Rhododendron anthopogon) 75 Tejpat, Dalchini (Cinnamomum tamala) 76 Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum) 77 Tukiful (Taraxacum officinale) 78 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) 79 Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) 80 References 81 Part 1: Introduction 1 Areas with availability of high valued medicinal plants Photo: Khilendra Gurung 2 INTRODUCTION Nepal is rich in floral diversity because of high altitudinal variation, diverse geography and presence of different climatic zones. Nepal's unique position in the center of the Himalaya makes it the assemblage point of six floristic provinces namely Sino- Japanese, Central Asiatic, Irano-Turranean, Sudano-Zambian, Indian and Southeast Asiatic (TISC 2002). It has been estimated that there are more than 7000 species of flowering and about 4000 species of non-flowering plants (MoFSC 2002, MoFSC 2014). Out of the total plants recorded from Nepal, about 1500-1800 species are being used by local communities to treat various ailments, and more than 100 plants/ plant parts are annually traded in and from Nepal as Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Medicinal plants are defined as plants and mushrooms traded to produce pharmaceuticals, dietary supplement products, natural health products, cosmetics and other personal care products, and culinary products (definition adopted from Medicinal Plants Specialist Group, 2007). Most of the people residing in hilly and Himalayan regions of Nepal rely on medicinal plants for their livelihood support because of remoteness, inadequate land for agriculture and limited livelihood diversification opportunities. As a result, 10-100% of the population are engaged in collection and trade of MAPs and the trade contribute up to 50% of the total annual family income (Olsen and Larsen 2003). Studies reveal that about 7000 to 27000 tons of medicinal plants are annually collected and traded from Nepal. The total export value is expected to be about US$ 60 million. Most of the collected medicinal plants are exported to India and China in raw form. But with the expansion of road network and technological advancement in recent years, processing was initiated for some medicinal plants, notably the essential oil yielding plants. In FY 2015/016, 36.8 tons of essential oils worth US$2.6 million was exported from Nepal (TEPC data) from 21 species of wild and cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants. Thus medicinal plants is becoming the major exporting commodity of Nepal. The trade is supporting the livelihood of hundreds and thousands of Nepalese communities in one hand but it is also posing threat to their survival. Premature and overharvesting are the major threats for most of high altitude medicinal plants. Medicinal plants of herbs life form are harvested by uprooting the whole plant before seed dispersal. In response to the threat, government of Nepal with its own act/ policy/ legislation and as per the signatory of different conventions, kept the following plants under different categories. 3 Table: Protected and Threatened plant species of Nepal Nepali Threat Category SN Plant Species Family Name CAMP IUCN CITIES GoN Abies spectabilis Ban raw 1 Pinaceae tfln;kq (D. Don) Mirb. export Acacia catechu 2 Leguminosae Vfo/ T (L.F.) Willd. Aconitum 3 balangrense Ranunculaceae ljif EN Lauener Aconitum bisma 4 (Buch.-Ham.) Ranunculaceae ljif DD Rapaics Aconitum ferox 5 Ranunculaceae ;]tf] ljif DD T Wall. ex Serige Aconitum 6 Ranunculaceae ljif T gammiei Stapf Aconitum 7 laciniatum Ranunculaceae ljif T (Bruhl) Stapf Aconitum 8 spicatum (Bruhl) Ranunculaceae ljif V T Stapf Allium hypsistum 9 Liliaceae lhDa' V Stearn Allium 10 przewalskianum Liliaceae lhDa' V Regel Alstonia neriifolia 11 Apocynaceae EN R D.Don Alstonia scholaris 12 Apocynaceae 5ltjg V R (L.) R.Br. Arisaema costatum 13 (Wall.) Mart. Ex Araceae ;k{sf] ds} LC Schott Arnebia benthamii (Wall. 14 Boraginaceae dxf/+uL V ex G.Don) I.M.Johnston) 4