Animals without Borders: Farmed Animal Resistance in New York Sarat Colling, Master of Arts Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA in Critical Sociology Faculty of Social Sciences, Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario © 2013 i Dedication In memory of my father, Sidhu ii Abstract While billions of farmed animals are immobilized within agribusiness, every year some of these animals manage to break free. This thesis examines the stories of those who flee slaughterhouses and the public response to these individuals. My objective is to understand how animals resist and the role that their stories play in disrupting the ways that humans, particularly as consumers, are distanced from the violence of animal enterprises. Included are six vignettes that allow for an in-depth case study of those who have escaped within New York State. Located in the interdisciplinary field of critical animal studies, my inquiry draws upon new animal geographies, transnational feminisms, and critical discourse analysis. This contribution provides discussion of farmed animal resistance in particular and compares experiences and representations of their resistance from both the “view from below,” which is learned through the animals’ caretakers, and a “view from above,” which is gleaned from their representations in corporate-driven mainstream media. iii Key Words animal placemaking, animal standpoints, escape, resistance iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor John Sorenson for his ongoing support and encouragement to pursue this research. His work on critical animal studies and creating space to engage with such topics has been inspiring and invaluable. Many thanks go to Lauren Corman and Gale Coskan-Johnson for their support and serving on my committee. Lauren’s radio show Animal Voices has long been a hub of knowledge, while Gale’s directed studies course on transnational feminism was the root of much of this thesis’ theoretical framework. Thanks also to David Nibert, whose work was an early influence for my academic pursuits, for serving as the external reviewer. Much gratitude to Jenny Brown of Woodstock Farm Animal Sanctuary, Siobhan Poole of Cedar Row Farm Sanctuary, and Sophia Rivers of Farm Sanctuary for their participation in this project. Many thanks to those who have supported my research and thesis in various ways including Anthony Nocella, Robert Alexander, Nancy Cook, Jason Del Gandio, Kevin Gosine, Julia Gottli, Milica Njegovan, Ebru Ustundag, Steve Romanin, Sherryl Vint, and all the wonderful faculty and staff in the Sociology Department at Brock University. Thanks to Dylan Powell, John Margetts, Chris Wilbert, Fifth Estate Magazine, and The Talon Conspiracy Archives for helping me locate materials on animal resistance. Thanks to my family for always encouraging me to study and write, and my three cats for keeping me company throughout the process. I would also like to thank the Social Science and Humanities Council of Canada and the Province of Ontario for supporting this project. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...2 Chapter Outline……………………………………………………………………...9 Chapter I: Methodology………………………………………………………………..13 Introduction……………………………………………………………………....…13 Context: Animal Agribusiness in New York……………………………………...14 Central Themes……………………………………………………………………..15 Research Question………………………………………………………………….21 Data Collection……………………………………………………………………...21 Self-Reflexivity and Trustworthiness……………………………………………...25 Chapter II: Animal Resistance Literature Review…………………………………...30 Introduction………………………………………………………………………....30 Animal Resistance in a History from Below………………………………………30 Animal Resistance in Animal Geography Literature…………………………….40 Animal Resistance in Cognitive Ethology Literature…………………………….43 Chapter III: Decolonial Animals: The Animals without Borders Approach….....…46 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………46 Animals without Borders…………………………………………………………..47 Chapter IV: New York Slaughterhouse Escapees, 19th to 20th Century…………...59 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………59 Animal Placemaking in New York………………………………………………...60 “Mad,” “Deviant,” and “On a Rampage”: Abnormal Animals…………………62 Cowboy-Police: Controlling and Corralling Bodies……………………………...67 Chapter V: Case Studies of New York Escapees, Early 21st Century………………72 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………72 Queenie’s Story……………………………………………………………………...73 Lucky Lady’s Story………………………………………………………………....76 Molly’s Story………………………………………………………………………...78 A Jamaica, Queens Bull’s Story……...…………………………………………….89 Mike Jr.’s Story……………………………………………………………………..92 Harvey’s Story………………………………………………………………………96 The Vegan Farm………………………………………………………………….....99 Chapter VI: “You Can’t Stay Neutral”: Summary and Future Directions……….102 Summary…………………………………………………………………………...102 Species Solidarity, Beyond Borders………………………………………………109 Future Research……………………..…………………………………………….116 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………117 Works Cited……………………………………………………………………………118 Appendices……………………………………………………………………………..134 Appendix 1: Animal Antics………………………………………………………134 Appendix 2: Revolt of the Bats…………………………………………………..135 Appendix 3: Shooting bull—Central Park……………………………………...136 Appendix 4: Queenie……………………………………………………………...137 Appendix 5: Jay…………………………………………………………………...138 1 Introduction In 2000, in New York City, a speckled brown and white cow was being transported to a Brooklyn slaughterhouse when she dashed for her life. The escape paid off. Although Queenie, as she was later named, was scheduled to be taken back to the slaughterhouse after her escape, public outcry spared her this gruesome fate. In 2007, a lamb held captive in a live market managed to flee onto the streets. Emergency Service Unit officers were called to the scene as she ran into a garage on East 133rd St. Lucky Lady was sent to a sanctuary. In 2009, a small black calf made a break from a slaughterhouse. Molly was being unloaded for “meat” processing in Jamaica, Queens when she broke through a fence. She now lives at an organic vegetable farm on Long Island. In 2011, a bull who escaped another slaughterhouse in Queens was denied mercy after being captured at York College Campus. Activists attempted to save the bull, but he had already been returned to the slaughterhouse and killed. The escape was filmed on a truck driver’s cell phone. The following year, a steer captured media headlines after escaping from a Paterson New Jersey slaughterhouse, swimming across the Passaic River, and eluding police for hours. His breakout was filmed and elicited public support. Mike Jr., as he was later named, was trucked upstate to Woodstock Farm Animal Sanctuary. Most recently, on a chilly November day in 2012, a speckled black and white rooster was found hiding in some bushes in Lower Manhattan amidst an anti-corporate 2 protest. Harvey was rescued by Occupy Goldman Sachs protestors after his mysterious escape. This research examines the lived experience of farmed animals who have escaped from animal agribusiness and the public response to these individuals.1 In particular, I analyze stories of those who escape through acts of resistance, fleeing their human captors.2 Humans have long fantasized about the individual and collective resistance of other animals. From The Birds (1963) to Day of the Animals (1977), from Jaws (1975) to The Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011),3 representations of animal resistance are recurring in popular and contemporary fiction. But animal resistance is no fictional phenomenon. It is a real response to the human exploitation of other creatures in the animal agribusiness, animal testing, animals as clothing, and animals as entertainment industries. In an explicitly sociopolitical context, some of the first documentation of nonhuman resistance was produced by anarchist and left-wing publications such as 1 Instead of the commonly used “farm animals,” I use the terms “farmed animals” or “formerly farmed animals” throughout this thesis. This terminology reflects how farming is not something inherent to the lives of those born into agribusiness but is forcibly imposed onto them (Gillespie, 2012, September 3). Katie Gillespie (2012) explains the distinction between these terms: “‘farm animals’ is a dominant phrase that is often used uncritically by many individuals and organizations in animal advocacy. ‘Farm animals’ implies that the inherent purpose of these animals is to be used on a farm. Choosing instead ‘farmed animals’ or ‘formerly farmed animals’ exposes the reality that farming is an external force being imposed on them; it is not fundamentally who they are.” Once formerly farmed animals arrive at an accredited and reputable sanctuary, I assume that they are no longer “farmed”; thus, they may be referred to as “formerly farmed” pigs, cows, chickens, and so on, or by their given names whenever possible. Once these individuals escape the grasp of their oppressor and remain out of the farming system, the “farmed” label no longer applies. 2 All previously farmed animals, such as those who reside at farm sanctuaries, have in one way or another escaped from a fate of slaughter. In this thesis, “escape” generally refers to those who escaped by their own acts of resistance as opposed to being rescued by undercover investigations, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), police raids, and so on. 3 Unfortunately, as with the former two, the “animals strike back” genre sometimes uses real animals for filmmaking. These films can instill an unreasonable fear of nonhuman animals, as with Jaws (1975), but as Grubbs (2012) writes, they can also bring awareness to animal liberation causes, such as in The Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011). 3 “Revolt of the Bats” in Fifth Estate (1993) and “Animal Antics” in Do or Die—Voices from Earth First! (1995). Most recently, the observation that other animals resist human exploiters has been recognized by (critical) animal studies scholars (Bekoff, 2010; Best, 2011; Corman, 2012; Gillespie, 2012; Hribal, 2003; Hribal, 2007a; Hribal, 2007, April 17; Hribal, 2010; jones, 2006; jones, 2009; Masson, 2003; Nibert, 2002; Philo, 1998; Philo & Wilbert, 2000; Wilbert, 2000). In fictional works, animal escape, a rare and dramatic form of resistance, has proven a popular theme for audiences. In 1976 Patricia Highsmith (author of The Talented Mr. Ripley) published The Animal-Lover’s Book of Beastly Murder, a collection of short stories about animal abuse that culminate with the nonhuman protagonists fighting back. The following year, English animal rights activist and author Richard Adams (1977) published The Plague Dogs. This realistic tale is told from the perspective of two dogs who escape an animal testing laboratory. More recently, the popular film The Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) depicts chimpanzees escaping from animal testing laboratories, some of whom disappear into the forest. Animal escape has also been represented in political artwork such as punk music (Propagandhi, 2009), photography (McArther, 2010; see Appendix Five), and painting (Coe, see Appendix Four). These stories and representations have appeal because the protagonists are personalized, making it easier to elicit sympathy for their rebellions against injustice. In the twenty-first century, real cases of animal resistance, particularly of animals in the entertainment and medical industries, are beginning to be documented and analyzed (Hribal, 2003; Hribal, 2007; Hribal, 2010). My research contributes to this documentation by focusing on farmed animal resistance which has yet to receive much academic analysis. However, several scholars have engaged with stories of farmed animal 4 resistors (Hribal, 2007; Gillespie, 2012; Masson, 2003; Nibert, 2002; Philo, 1998). For instance, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson’s (2003) The Pig Who Sang to the Moon: The Emotional World of Farm Animals cites several cases of resistance, such as when lambs in New Zealand flee from farms by unlatching gates, “evidently not an uncommon skill” (p. 103). Masson describes how some sheep farmers then worry that “the lamb might teach his less clever companions to do the same” (p. 103). In these cases, the farmers shoot the lambs, “so they can’t pass on their knowledge” (Masson, p. 104). In contrast to the discourse that presents farmed animals as being dim-witted, these stories suggest that they are indeed thinking subjects who desire freedom (and highlights their status as commodities in the eyes of the farmers). Sociologist David Nibert (2002) describes cases of farmed animal resistance in his book Animal Rights/Human Rights: Entanglements of Oppression and Liberation. Like human resistors, Nibert explains how nonhuman animals embark on quests for liberation from human exploitation, yet their stories often go unheard: Like many humans who strive to break free from confinement and deplorable maltreatment—including famous individuals such as Spartacus, Harriet Tubman, Denmark Vesey, Sitting Bull, and countless others—innumerable other animals…have attempted their own liberation. However, their efforts, whether successful or unsuccessful, are rarely recorded in history or even come to public attention. (p. 76) Not only should these animals be recorded in history, but as Katie Gillespie (2012) has suggested, it should be acknowledged that they are “making history.” In a critical animal studies conference presentation, Gillespie offered the case of Yvonne, a cow who fled a small farm and lived in the Bavarian woods for several months, as one of these world- making individuals. 5