PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH VOLUME 153 HYPOTHALAMIC INTEGRATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM i OthervolumesinPROGRESSINBRAINRESEARCH Volume122: TheBiologicalBasisforMindBodyInteractions,byE.A.MayerandC.B.Saper(Eds.)–1999,ISBN0-444-50049-9. Volume123: PeripheralandSpinalMechanismsintheNeuralControlofMovement,byM.D.Binder(Ed.)–1999,ISBN0-444-50288-2. Volume124: CerebellarModules:Molecules,MorphologyandFunction,byN.M.Gerrits,T.J.H.RuigrokandC.E.DeZeeuw(Eds.) –2000,ISBN0-444-50108-8. Volume125: TransmissionRevisited,byL.F.Agnati,K.Fuxe,C.NicholsonandE.Sykova´ (Eds.)–2000,ISBN0-444-50314-5. Volume126: Cognition,EmotionandAutonomicResponses:theIntegrativeRoleofthePrefrontalCortexandLimbicStructures,by H.B.M.Uylings,C.G.VanEden,J.P.C.DeBruin,M.G.P.FeenstraandC.M.A.Pennartz(Eds.)–2000,ISBN0-444- 50332-3. Volume127: NeuralTransplantationII.NovelCellTherapiesforCNSDisorders,byS.B.DunnettandA.Bjo¨rklund(Eds.)–2000, ISBN0-444-50109-6. Volume128: NeuralPlasticityandRegeneration,byF.J.Seil(Ed.)–2000,ISBN0-444-50209-2. Volume129: NervousSystemPlasticityandChronicPain,byJ.Sandku¨hler,B.BrommandG.F.Gebhart(Eds.)–2000,ISBN0-444- 50509-1. Volume130: AdvancesinNeuralPopulationCoding,byM.A.L.Nicolelis(Ed.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50110-X. Volume131: ConceptsandChallengesinRetinalBiology,byH.Kolb,H.Ripps,andS.Wu(Eds.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50677-2. Volume132: GlialCellFunction,byB.CastellanoLo´pezandM.Nieto-Sampedro(Eds.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50508-3. Volume133: TheMaternalBrain.Neurobiologicalandneuroendocrineadaptationanddisordersinpregnancyandpostpartum,by J.A.Russell,A.J.Douglas,R.J.WindleandC.D.Ingram(Eds.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50548-2. Volume134: Vision:FromNeuronstoCognition,byC.CasanovaandM.Ptito(Eds.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50586-5. Volume135: DoSeizuresDamagetheBrain,byA.Pitka¨nenandT.Sutula(Eds.)–2002,ISBN0-444-50814-7. Volume136: ChangingViewsofCajal’sNeuron,byE.C.Azmitia,J.DeFelipe,E.G.Jones,P.RakicandC.E.Ribak(Eds.)–2002, ISBN0-444-50815-5. Volume137: SpinalCordTrauma:Regeneration,NeuralRepairandFunctionalRecovery,byL.McKerracher,G.DoucetandS. Rossignol(Eds.)–2002,ISBN0-444-50817-1. Volume138: PlasticityintheAdultBrain:FromGenestoNeurotherapy,byM.A.Hofman,G.J.Boer,A.J.G.D.Holtmaat,E.J.W. VanSomeren,J.VerhaagenandD.F.Swaab(Eds.)–2002,ISBN0-444-50981-X. Volume139: VasopressinandOxytocin:FromGenestoClinicalApplications,byD.Poulain,S.OlietandD.Theodosis(Eds.)–2002, ISBN0-444-50982-8. Volume140: TheBrain’sEye,byJ.Hyo¨na¨,D.P.Munoz,W.HeideandR.Radach(Eds.)–2002,ISBN0-444-51097-4. Volume141: Gonadotropin-ReleasingHormone:MoleculesandReceptors,byI.S.Parhar(Ed.)–2002,ISBN0-444-50979-8. Volume142: NeuralControlofSpaceCoding,andActionProduction,byC.Prablanc,D.Pe´lissonandY.Rossetti(Eds.)–2003, ISBN0-444-509771. Volume143: BrainMechanismsfortheIntegrationofPostureandMovement,byS.Mori,D.G.StuartandM.Wiesendanger(Eds.)– 2004,ISBN0-444-51389-2. Volume144: TheRootsofVisualAwareness,byC.A.Heywood,A,D.MilnerandC.Blakemore(Eds.)–2004,ISBN0-444-50978-X. Volume145: AcetylcholineintheCerebralCortex,byL.Descarries,K.Krnjevic´ andM.Steriade(Eds.)–2004,ISBN0-444-51125-3. Volume146: NGFandRelatedMoleculesinHealthandDisease,byL.AloeandL.Calza` (Eds.)–2004,ISBN0-444-51472-4. Volume147: Development,DynamicsandPathologyofNeuronalNetworks:FromMoleculestoFunctionalCircuits,byJ.VanPelt, M.Kamermans,C.N.Levelt,A.VanOoyen,G.J.A.RamakersandP.R.Roelfsema(Eds.)–2005,ISBN0-444-51663-8. Volume148: CreatingCoordinationintheCerebellum,byC.I.DeZeeuwandF.Cicirata(Eds.)–2005,ISBN0-444-51754-5. Volume149: CorticalFunction:AViewFromtheThalamus,byV.A.Casagrande,R.W.GuilleryandS.M.Sherman(Eds.)–2005, ISBN0-444-51679-4. Volume150: TheBoundariesofConsciousness:NeurobiologyandNeuropathology,byStevenLaureys(Ed.)–2005,ISBN0-444-51851-7. Volume151:NeuroanatomyoftheOculomotorSystem,byJ.A.Bu¨ttner-Ennever(Ed.)–2006,ISBN0-444-51696-4. Volume152:AutonomicDysfunctionAfterSpinalCordInjury,byL.C.WeaverandC.Polosa(Eds.)–2006,ISBN0-444-51925-4. ii PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH VOLUME 153 HYPOTHALAMIC INTEGRATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM Proceedingsofthe24thInternationalSummerSchoolofBrainResearch,heldattheRoyalNetherlandsAcademyof Arts andSciences, Amsterdam,The Netherlands 29August–1 September2005 EDITED BY A. KALSBEEK NetherlandsInstituteforBrainResearch,Meibergdreef33,1105AZAmsterdam,TheNetherlands E. FLIERS AcademicMedicalCenter,UniversityofAmsterdam,DepartmentofEndocrinologyandMetabolism, Meibergdreef9,1105AZAmsterdam,TheNetherlands M.A. HOFMAN D.F. SWAAB E.J.W. VAN SOMEREN R. M. BUIJS NetherlandsInstituteforBrainResearch,Meibergdreef33,1105AZAmsterdam,TheNetherlands AMSTERDAM – BOSTON – DUSSELDORF – LONDON – NEW YORK – OXFORD PARIS – SAN DIEGO – SAN FRANCISCO – SINGAPORE – SYDNEY – TOKYO iii Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK Firstedition2006 Copyrightr2006ElsevierB.V. Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerial herein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN-13:978-0-444-52261-0(thisvolume) ISBN-10:0-444-52261-1(thisvolume) ISSN:0079-6123(series) InternationalSummerSchoolofBrainResearch(24th:2005:Amsterdam,Netherlands) Hypothalamicintegrationofenergymetabolism:proceedingsofthe24thInternational SummerSchoolofBrainResearch,heldattheRoyalNetherlandsAcademyofArtsand Sciences,Amsterdam,theNetherlands,29August-1September2005. (Progressinbrainresearch;v.153) 1.Hypothalamus-Congresses I.TitleII.Kalsbeek,A. 612.80262 ISBN-13:9780444522610 ISBN-10:0444522611 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinTheNetherlands 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv List of Contributors R.S.Ahima,DepartmentofMedicine,DivisionofEndocrinology,DiabetesandMetabolism,Universityof Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA S.F.Akana, Department ofPhysiology,Box0444, UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,513Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA A. Alkemade, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam and Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands P. Barrett, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK M.E. Bell, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA S.Bhatnagar,DepartmentofPhysiology,Box0444,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,513Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA N.Bos,NetherlandsInstituteforNeurosciences,Meibergdreef47,1105BAAmsterdam,TheNetherlands R.M. Buijs, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands C. Cailotto, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands P.E.Cryer,DivisionofEndocrinology,MetabolismandLipidResearch,andtheGeneralClinicalResearch Center and the Diabetes Research and Training Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA M.F. Dallman, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA I.S. Farooqi, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Adden- brooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK H.L.Fehm,MedizinischeKlinikI,Universita¨tLu¨beck,RatzeburgerAllee160,D-23538Lubeck,Germany C. Fekete, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary and Tupper Research Institute and Department of Medicine,DivisionofEndocrinology,DiabetesandMetabolism,Box268,TuftsNewEnglandMedical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. E. Fliers, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands T.-M. Fong, Department of Metabolic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065 L.Fu,DepartmentofMolecularandHumanGenetics,BoneDiseaseProgramofTexas,BaylorCollegeof Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA A.B. Ginsberg, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA A.P. Goldstone, Imaging Sciences Department, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK v vi V.D. Goncharuk, Cardiovascular Research Center, Moscow, Russia X.-M. Guan, Department of Metabolic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA A.Guijarro,SurgicalMetabolismandNutritionLaboratory,NeuroscienceProgram,UniversityHospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA M.H. Hastings, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK M.A. Hofman, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands T.L. Horvath, Section of Comparative Medicine, and Departments of Ob./Gyn. & Reproductive Sciences andNeurobiology,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine,375CongressAveLSOG339,NewHaven,CT 06520, USA H.Houshyar,DepartmentofPhysiology,Box0444,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,513Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA A. Kalsbeek, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands A. Kanatani, Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu, Japan G. Karsenty, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA W. Kern, Medizinische Klinik I, Universita¨t Lu¨beck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lu¨beck, Germany F. Kreier, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands S.E. La Fleur, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands K.C. Laugero, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA A.Laviano,DepartmentofClinicalMedicine,UniversityofRomea‘LaSapienza’,Vialedell’Universita37, 00185 Rome, Italy R.M. Lechan, Tupper Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Box 268, Tufts New England Medical Center and Department of Neuro- science, Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 2111, USA D. MacNeil, Department of Metabolic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA E.S. Maywood, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK M.M. Meguid, Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory, Neuroscience Program, University Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA J.G. Mercer, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK P.J. Morgan, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK R. Nargund, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA J. O’Neill, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK M.S. Patel, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Bone Disease Program of Texas, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA N.C. Pecoraro, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA A. Peters, Medizinische Klinik I, Universita¨t Lu¨beck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lu¨beck, Germany Y. Qi, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA A.B. Reddy, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK vii A.W. Ross, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK M. Ruiter, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands C.B. Saper, Department of Neurology, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA F.A. Scheer, Medical Chronobiology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA U. Schibler, Department of Molecular Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland N.S.Singhal,NeuroscienceGraduateGroup,UniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolofMedicine,Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA D. Spanswick, Division of Clinical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Cov- entry CV4 7AL, UK A.Strack,DepartmentofPharmacology,MerckResearchLaboratories,126LincolnAvenue,Rahway,NJ 07065, USA A.M.Strack,DepartmentofPhysiology,Box0444,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,513Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA D.F. Swaab, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands M. van den Top, Division of Clinical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK L.H.T. Van Der Ploeg, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, MRL B3-406, Boston, MA 02115, USA E.J.W.VanSomeren,NetherlandsInstituteforNeuroscience,Meibergdreef47,1105BAAmsterdam,The Netherlands J.P. Warne, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA W.M.Wiersinga,DepartmentofEndocrinologyandMetabolism,AcademicMedicalCenter,Universityof Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands G.K.Y. Wong, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK C. Yi, Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands This page intentionally left blank viii Preface The 24th International Summer School of Brain Research was held in Amsterdam from August 29 to September 1, 2005 at the Auditorium of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). The Summer School was organized by the Netherlands Institute for Brain Research (NIBR), one of the institutes of the KNAW, according to a long-standing biennial tradition. The history of the NIBR dates backtothebeginningofthelastcentury.AtthemeetingoftheInternationalAssociationofAcademiesheld inParisin1901,theanatomistWilhelmHisproposedthatresearchonthenervoussystemshouldbeplaced on an international footing. In 1904 this resulted in the formation of the International Academic Com- mitteeforBrainResearch,whichsetitselfthetaskof‘‘yorganizinganetworkofinstitutions throughout thecivilizedworld, dedicatedtothestudyofthestructureandfunctionsofthecentralorgan y’’.Several governments responded to this ambition by founding brain research institutes, among which was the Netherlands(Central)InstituteforBrainResearch,whichopeneditsdoorson8June1909.ProfessorC.U. Arie¨nsKappers(1877–1946)becamethefirstdirectoroftheinstitute,apositionhehelduntilhisdeath.In honorofitsfirstdirectortheinstitutedecidedtocreatetheC.U.Arie¨nsKappersAward,whichduringthis SummerSchoolwaspresentedtoDr.CliffordB.Saper(Boston,USA)forhisoutstandingachievementsin decipheringtheneuroanatomyofthemammalianhypothalamusanditsintricatepathwaysinvolvedinthe control of behavior and physiology of the organism. The focus of this 24th Summer School was on the mammalian hypothalamus, and especially its in- volvement in the physiology and pathology of the control of energy metabolism. The awareness of the importantroleofthehypothalamusinfoodintakeandenergymetabolismdatesbackto1840,whenMohr described a case of hypothalamic obesity associated with a rapid gain of body weight in a patient with a pituitary tumor. It was only after 100 years, however, that the animal experiments of Hetherington and Ranson in 1940 showed that obesity resulted from lesions restricted to the hypothalamus, independent of pituitarydamage.Ourunderstandingofthehypothalamiccontrolofenergymetabolismwasgivenasecond boostanother50yearslater,whenFriedmanetal.in1994discoveredtheleptingene,i.e.thelongsoughtfor hormonal factor from the adipose tissue that informs the brain, and especially the hypothalamus, about peripheral fat stores. More recently it has become clear that, in addition to leptin, many more peripheral signalsfeedbacktothehypothalamusinordertoenableittomonitorthestatusofperipheralenergystores and fuel availability. Thus, although the key function of the hypothalamus in energy metabolism was already clear a long time ago, a more detailed understanding of the hypothalamic pathways involved and theirneurochemicalmake-uphaveonlyevolvedinthepastfewyears.Mainquestionisstill,however,how the hypothalamus is able to integrate all the ‘‘sensory’’ information from the internal and external en- vironment and to fine-tune the integrated information with the intricate balance between the needs and demands of different physiological systems. For this reason the focus of interest in the present volume of Progress in Brain Research is on the following topics: (1) the emerging role of the hypothalamus in the controlofenergymetabolism,(2)thehypothalamicsensingofmetabolicfactors,(3)theintegrativeroleof the hypothalamus in thyroid and bone metabolism, (4) the interaction between circadian information and energy metabolism, and (5) the important interplay between the immune system, energy metabolism and the autonomic nervous system. ix