ALAN DIX, JANET FINLAY, Much has changed since the first edition of New to this edition: Human–Computer Interaction was published. Ubiquitous GREGORY D. ABOWD, RUSSELL BEALE computing and rich sensor-filled environments are � A revised structure,reflecting the finding their way out of the laboratory, not just into growth of HCI as a discipline, movies but also into our workplaces and homes. The separates out basic material suitable HUMAN–COMPUTER computer has broken out of its plastic and glass IH for introductory courses from more N bounds providing us with networked societies where detailed models and theories. U personal computing devices from mobile phones to smart cards fill our pockets and electronic devices T � New chapter on interaction design M surround us at home and work. The web too has grown adds material on scenarios and basic E INTERACTION from a largely academic network into the hub of navigation design. business and everyday lives. As the distinctions between RA the physical and the digital, and between work and � New chapter on universal design, leisure start to break down, human–computer AN substantially extending the coverage interaction is also changing radically. of this material in the book. C– THIRD EDITION The excitement of these changes is captured in this new � Updated and extended treatment of TC edition, which also looks forward to other emerging socio/contextual issues. technologies. However, the book is firmly rooted in IO strong principles and models independent of the � Extended and new material on novel O passing technologies of the day: these foundations will interaction,including updated M be the means by which today’s students will N ubicomp material,designing understand tomorrow’s technology. experience,physical sensors and a P new chapter on rich interaction. The third edition of Human–Computer Interaction can be U used for introductory and advanced courses on HCI, � Updated material about the web Interaction Design, Usability or Interactive Systems including dynamic content. T Design. It will also prove an invaluable reference for professionals wishing to design usable computing E � Relaunched websiteincluding case devices. studies,WAP access and search. R Accompanying the text is a comprehensive website containing a broad range of material for instructors, students and practitioners, a full text search facility for the book, links to many sites of additional interest and THIRD much more: go to www.hcibook.com EDITION Alan Dix is Professor in the Department of Computing, Lancaster, UK. Janet Finlay is DIX Professor in the School of Computing, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK. Gregory D. Abowd is FINLAY Associate Professor in the College of Computing and GVU Center at Georgia Tech, USA. Russell Beale is lecturer at the School of Computer Science, University of ABOWD Birmingham, UK. BEALE Cover illustration by Peter Gudynas www.pearson-books.com Human–Computer Interaction We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in computing, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing, please visit us on the world wide web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Human–Computer Interaction Third Edition Alan Dix, Lancaster University Janet Finlay, Leeds Metropolitan University Gregory D. Abowd, Georgia Institute of Technology Russell Beale, University of Birmingham Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the world wide web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 1993 Second edition published 1998 Third edition published 2004 © Prentice-Hall Europe 1993, 1998 © Pearson Education Limited 2004 The rights of Alan Dix, Janet E. Finlay, Gregory D. Abowd and Russell Beale to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-046109-4 ISBN-10: 0-13-046109-1 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 10 09 08 07 06 Typeset in 10/121/2pt Minion by 35 Printed and bound by Scotprint, Haddington B RIEF CONTENTS Guided tour xiv Foreword xvi Preface to the third edition xix Publisher’s acknowledgements xxiii Introduction 1 Part 1 FOUNDATIONS 9 Chapter 1 The human 11 Chapter 2 The computer 59 Chapter 3 The interaction 123 Chapter 4 Paradigms 164 Part 2 DESIGN PROCESS 189 Chapter 5 Interaction design basics 191 Chapter 6 HCI in the software process 225 Chapter 7 Design rules 258 Chapter 8 Implementation support 289 Chapter 9 Evaluation techniques 318 Chapter 10 Universal design 365 Chapter 11 User support 395 Part 3 MODELS AND THEORIES 417 Chapter 12 Cognitive models 419 Chapter 13 Socio-organizational issues and stakeholder requirements 450 vi Brief Contents Chapter 14 Communication and collaboratio0n models 475 Chapter 15 Task analysis 510 Chapter 16 Dialog notations and design 544 Chapter 17 Models of the system 594 Chapter 18 Modeling rich interaction 629 Part 4 OUTSIDE THE BOX 661 Chapter 19 Groupware 663 Chapter 20 Ubiquitous computing and augmented realities 716 Chapter 21 Hypertext, multimedia and the world wide web 748 References 791 Index 817 C ONTENTS Guided tour xiv Foreword xvi Preface to the third edition xix Publisher’s acknowledgements xxiii Introduction 1 Part 1 FOUNDATIONS 9 Chapter 1 The human 11 1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 Input–output channels 13 Design Focus: Getting noticed 16 Design Focus: Where’s the middle? 22 1.3 Human memory 27 Design Focus: Cashing in 30 Design Focus: 7 ± 2 revisited 32 1.4 Thinking: reasoning and problem solving 39 Design Focus: Human error and false memories 49 1.5 Emotion 51 1.6 Individual differences 52 1.7 Psychology and the design of interactive systems 53 1.8 Summary 55 Exercises 56 Recommended reading 57 Chapter 2 The computer 59 2.1 Introduction 60 2.2 Text entry devices 63 Design Focus: Numeric keypads 67 2.3 Positioning, pointing and drawing 71 viii Contents 2.4 Display devices 78 Design Focus: Hermes: a situated display 86 2.5 Devices for virtual reality and 3D interaction 87 2.6 Physical controls, sensors and special devices 91 Design Focus: Feeling the road 94 Design Focus: Smart-Its – making using sensors easy 96 2.7 Paper: printing and scanning 97 Design Focus: Readability of text 101 2.8 Memory 107 2.9 Processing and networks 114 Design Focus: The myth of the infinitely fast machine 116 2.10 Summary 120 Exercises 121 Recommended reading 122 Chapter 3 The interaction 123 3.1 Introduction 124 3.2 Models of interaction 124 Design Focus: Video recorder 130 3.3 Frameworks and HCI 130 3.4 Ergonomics 131 Design Focus: Industrial interfaces 133 3.5 Interaction styles 136 Design Focus: Navigation in 3D and 2D 144 3.6 Elements of the WIMP interface 145 Design Focus: Learning toolbars 151 3.7 Interactivity 152 3.8 The context of the interaction 154 Design Focus: Half the picture? 155 3.9 Experience, engagement and fun 156 3.10 Summary 160 Exercises 161 Recommended reading 162 Chapter 4 Paradigms 164 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Paradigms for interaction 165 4.3 Summary 185 Exercises 186 Recommended reading 187 Contents ix Part 2 DESIGN PROCESS 189 Chapter 5 Interaction design basics 191 5.1 Introduction 192 5.2 What is design? 193 5.3 The process of design 195 5.4 User focus 197 Design Focus: Cultural probes 200 5.5 Scenarios 201 5.6 Navigation design 203 Design Focus: Beware the big button trap 206 Design Focus: Modes 207 5.7 Screen design and layout 211 Design Focus: Alignment and layout matter 214 Design Focus: Checking screen colors 219 5.8 Iteration and prototyping 220 5.9 Summary 222 Exercises 223 Recommended reading 224 Chapter 6 HCI in the software process 225 6.1 Introduction 226 6.2 The software life cycle 226 6.3 Usability engineering 237 6.4 Iterative design and prototyping 241 Design Focus: Prototyping in practice 245 6.5 Design rationale 248 6.6 Summary 256 Exercises 257 Recommended reading 257 Chapter 7 Design rules 258 7.1 Introduction 259 7.2 Principles to support usability 260 7.3 Standards 275 7.4 Guidelines 277 7.5 Golden rules and heuristics 282 7.6 HCI patterns 284 7.7 Summary 286 Exercises 287 Recommended reading 288