Human and Environmental Security An Agenda for Change Edited by Felix Dodds and Tim Pippard London • Sterling, VA First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2005 Copyright © Stakeholder Forum for Our Common Future All rights reserved ISBN: 1-84407-214-2 paperback 1-84407-213-4 hardback Typesetting by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge The cover for this book was designed and produced by John Mould, an artist, graphic designer and writer Cover photograph: Nelson Syozi For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan is an imprint of James and James (Science Publishers) Ltd and publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Human and environmental security: an agenda for change / edited by Felix Dodds and Tim Pippard. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-84407-214-2 — ISBN 1-84407-213-4 1. Security, International. I. Dodds, Felix. II. Pippard, Tim. JZ5588.H848 2005 327.1'72—dc22 2005014879 Printed on elemental chlorine-free paper Contents List of Figures and Boxes v List of Contributors vi Foreword xv Editorial Note and Acknowledgements xix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxii Introduction 1 Celso Amorim Part 1 Peace and Security 1 ‘A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility’ – The Report of the High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change 7 David Hannay 2 The Peacebuilding Commission: Linking Security and Development 17 Anders Lidén and Anna-Karin Eneström 3 Human Security and the War on Terror 27 Oliver Richmond and Jason Franks 4 Achieving Nuclear Non-proliferation: A New Zealand Perspective 38 Marian Hobbs 5 Women, War and Peace: Mobilizing for Security and Justice in the 21st Century 50 Noeleen Heyzer Part 2 Sustainable Human Development 6 Globalization, Poverty and Security 71 Jan Pronk iv Contents 7 Trade and Security in an Interconnected World 92 Hilary Benn 8 Climate Change: Emerging Insecurities 103 Melinda Kimble 9 Migration, Development and Security 115 Devyani Gupta 10 Securing a Healthier World 128 Christine K. Durbak and Claudia M. Strauss 11 Biodiversity and Security 139 Jeffrey A. McNeely 12 Food Security 152 Henrique B. Cavalcanti 13 Water Security: What Role for International Water Law? 166 Patricia Wouters 14 Urban Safety: A Collective Challenge for Sustainable Human Settlements Development 182 Anna Tibaijuka Part 3 Global Governance 15 America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power? 199 Jim Garrison 16 The Emergence and Role of Regional Governance 209 Sabin Intxaurraga 17 Human and Environmental Rights: The Need for Corporate Accountability 221 Hannah Griffiths 18 Reforming Environmental Governance 235 Serge Lepeltier 19 Democracy in an Uncertain World 244 Felix Dodds Appendix 257 Index 259 List of Figures and Boxes Figures 11.1 Ecosystem Services: The benefits people obtain from ecosystems 144 11.2 Linkages among biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being 145 11.3 Key links between environmental sustainability and other goals 146 11.4 Transfrontier protected areas 147 Boxes 5.1 UNIFEM in Afghanistan 61 6.1 The Millennium Development Goals 73 7.1 Security and trade: An historical perspective 93 7.2 International trade and state failure 98 7.3 Safety on the seas 100 10.1 The tragedy of HIV/AIDS 133 13.1 Maura’s story 173 13.2 What is a lawful use? 175 14.1 Corruption in Nairobi’s informal settlements 183 14.2 Crime and violence in Jamaica 185 16.1 Environmental goals of the strategy for 2002–2020 217 19.1 Key principles and strategies of stakeholder democracy 247 List of Contributors Celso Amorim is the Brazilian Minister of Foreign Relations, a post he has held since 2003. This is the second time he has occupied the position, having first served in the office from 1993–1994. He has worked as a diplomat for nearly 40 years, and among other posts abroad he was Brazil’s permanent representative to the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Geneva from 1999 to 2001 and Brazil’s permanent representative to the UN in New York from 1995 to 1999, as well as occupying positions in the Organization of American States (OAS) in Washington, DC from 1973 to 1974. He taught political science and international relations at the University of Brasília (UnB) from 1977 to 1979. After graduating from the Itamaraty’s Rio Branco Institute (IRBr), he completed a master’s degree in international relations at the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna in 1967, and has a doctorate in political science from the London School of Economics. Amorim was born in Santos (SP) in 1942, is married and has four children. Hilary Benn has been the UK Secretary of State for International Development since October 2003. He joined the Department for International Development (DFID) in 2001 as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, moved to the Home Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Community and Custodial Provision in May 2002, before returning to DFID as Minister of State in March 2003. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Leeds Central in June 1999 and was a member of the Environment, Transport and the Regions Select Committee and Vice-Chair of the Backbench Education Committee of Labour MPs. In 1997 he was appointed as special adviser to the Rt Hon David Blunkett, then Secretary of State for Education and Employment. In 1993, he was appointed as Head of Research at Manufacturing, Science, Finance, and was promoted to Head of Policy and Communications in 1996. He was elected to Ealing Borough Council in 1979, where he served as Deputy Leader of the Labour Group from 1985–1994, and as Deputy Leader of the Council and Chair of Education from 1986–1990. He was educated at Holland Park Comprehensive School, London and the University of Sussex. He is married with three sons and one daughter. Henrique B. Cavalcanti was born in Rio de Janeiro, studied at the Naval Academy, graduated in civil engineering from McGill University in Montreal, List of Contributors vii Canada, and holds a diploma in Nuclear Science and Engineering from Penn- sylvania State University and the ISNSE at Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, US. He lectured at the Catholic University and the Federal School of Engineering, was field engineer and managing director of electric power utilities in Southern Brazil, a director of ECOTEC Consultants, chairman and CEO of the Brazilian Steel Corporation (SIDERBRÁS) and managing director of the International Environmental Bureau in Geneva, Switzerland. Later he became senior adviser for the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Chairman of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), Brazilian Commissioner to the World Exhibition on Oceans in Lisbon, and President of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS). An adviser to the Brazilian Ministry of Environment, he is now president of Fundação Pró Natureza, FUNATURA, a board member of IBAM (the Brazilian Municipal Management Institute) and member of the Pan American Academy of Engineering, having formerly served as trustee of the LASPAU Program at Harvard University, the Iwokrama Project in Guyana and the Marine Stewardship Council in London, UK, and as member of the Brazilian Independent Commission on Oceans, and the Commission on Sustainable Consumption at Oxford University. A former Deputy Minister of Mines and Energy and Deputy Minister of Interior, from 1967 to 1975, Henrique Cavalcanti was Federal Minister of Environment and the Amazon in 1994. Felix Dodds is executive director of Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future, a position he has held since 1993. From 1997 to 2001 he was co- chair of the NGO Coalition working at the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. He has facilitated NGO global lobbying for the UN Habitat Conference (1996), UN Rio+5 (1997) and a number of UN Commissions on Sustainable Development meetings. He has been a member of the Commission on Globalization and the International Advisory Boards for Global Forum 1994, Bonn Freshwater Conference (2001) and the Hilltops to Oceans Conference (2004). He was one of the co-developers of the multi- stakeholder dialogues at the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. His other books are Into the Twenty First Century – An Agenda for Political Realignment (editor, 1986, Greenprint), The Way Forward Beyond Agenda 21 (editor, 1997, Earthscan), Earth Summit 2002 A New Deal (edited with Toby Middleton, 2000 and 2002, Earthscan), How to Lobby at Intergovernmental Meetings: Mine is a Café Latte (with Michael Strauss, 2004, Earthscan). He lives in San Sebastian in Spain. Christine K. Durbak, PhD, a psychoanalyst in private practice and stress management consultant to corporations, formed the non-profit organization World Information Transfer (WIT), Inc, in 1987, which she currently chairs. She has served as president of the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis (NAAP), vice-chair of the NGO Executive Committee, chair of the NGO Health Communication Committee and is currently chair and CEO of Physicians Weekly, LLC. Durbak received her PhD from Fordham University and her BA from New York University. viii List ofContributors Anna-Karin Eneström is minister for political affairs at the Permanent Mis- sion of Sweden to the United Nations in New York. Prior to her move to New York she was head of the humanitarian division at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Stockholm. Anna Karin Eneström has previously been posted to Nairobi and Strasbourg. She has a master of law from Uppsala University. Jason Franks recently completed his PhD in the School of International Re- lations at the University of St Andrews. His study Rethinking the Roots of Terror- ism (Palgrave, forthcoming 2005) seeks to examine how the roots of terrorism can be understood. It involves a critique of the orthodox understanding of terrorism and suggests a re-thinking of the causes via multi-level and multi- dimensional approaches. Jim Garrison is president of the State of the World Forum, a San Francisco- based non-profit institution dedicated to discerning and implementing those principles, values, and actions necessary to guide humanity towards a more sustainable global civilization. Prior to founding the Forum in 1992, at the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Garrison founded and became president of the Gorbachev Foundation/US. In 1991, he founded the International Foreign Policy Association in collaboration with Georgian President Edward Shevardnadze and former US Secretary of State George Schultz. From 1986 to 1990, Garrison served as executive director of the Esalen Institute Soviet American exchange programme, which engaged in private sector diplomacy with Russian counterparts. He is the author of The Plutonium Culture (SCM); The Darkness of God: Theology After Hiroshima (SCM, 1982); The Russian Threat: Myths and Realities (Gateway Books, 1983); The New Diplomats (Resurgence Press, 1984); Civilisation and the Transformation of Power (Paraview Press, 2000), and America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power? (Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2004). He holds a PhD in Philosophical Theology from Cambridge University, and a BA magna cum laude in World History from Santa Clara University. Hannah Griffiths is Corporates Campaigner at Friends of the Earth (FOE), where she has been working since 1999 on issues related to corporate globaliza- tion. Prior to this, she worked at the British Council on education, employment and women’s projects. She is a director of The Ilisu Dam Campaign – a coali- tion of environmental and human rights groups that successfully opposed British involvement in the controversial Ilisu Dam in the Kurdish region of Turkey – and coordinated FOE’s input into the campaign. More recently, she has been working to improve the quality and quantity of activism on corporate globalization. She coordinated FOE’s input into the European Social Forum held in London in late 2004 and is involved in the World Social Forum. She is a founding member of The Refugee Project, a coalition of NGOs and com- munity groups looking at how corporate globalization contributes to forced migration. She coordinates FOE’s campaign on Shell, with a focus on environ- mental justice. She graduated from Imperial College London in 1998 with an List of Contributors ix MSc in Global Environmental Change and Policy. Hannah Griffiths would like to thank the following people from Friends of the Earth for their help with Chapter 17: Craig Bennett, Helen Burley, Eve Mitchell and Blathin Wong. Devyani Gupta has worked on sustainable development, humanitarian aid, refugees and migration with a number of organizations including the Euro- pean Commission, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future and the International Institute for Environment and Development. She is fluent in Hindi and holds an MA (University of Chicago) in International Relations. Currently she is working on health and social care delivery for vulnerable adults in England at the UK Department of Health. David Hannay served for 35 years as a member of the British Diplomatic Service. After postings in Tehran, Kabul, Brussels and Washington, he was the UK Permanent Representative to the European Union (1985–1990) and then UK Permanent Representative to the United Nations (1990–1995). Fol- lowing his retirement from the Diplomatic Service, he served as the British government’s Special Representative for Cyprus (1996–2003); and in 2003– 2004 as a member of the UN Secretary-General’s High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. He has been an independent member of the House of Lords since 2001, and is a member of its European Union Select Committee. He is pro-chancellor of the University of Birmingham. He was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford. Noeleen Heyzer is Executive Director of the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the leading operational agency within the UN to promote women’s empowerment and gender equality. Since joining UNIFEM, Dr Heyzer has worked on strengthening women’s economic security and rights; promoting women’s leadership in conflict resolution, peacebuilding and reconstruction; ending violence against women; and combating HIV/AIDS from a gender perspective. Before joining UNIFEM, Dr Heyzer was a policy adviser to several Asian governments on gender issues, playing a key role in the formulation of national development policies, strategies and programmes from a gender perspective. Heyzer has been a founding member of numerous regional and international women’s networks and has published extensively on gender and development issues. Born in Singapore, she received a BA and MA from the University of Singapore and a doctorate in social sciences from Cambridge University in the UK. She has received several awards for leadership, including the Dag Hammarksjöld medal in 2004 and the National Council for Research on Women (NCRW) ‘Women Who Make a Difference’ Award in 2005. Marian Hobbs is New Zealand Minister for the Environment, for Urban Affairs, for Disarmament and Arms Control, and for the National Library and Archives. As Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs she is also responsible for