China Academic Library Yu-hsiu Ku History of Zen China Academic Library Academic Advisory Board Researcher Geng, Yunzhi, Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Han, Zhen, Beijing Foreign Studies University, China Researcher Hao, Shiyuan, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Li, Xueqin, Department of History, Tsinghua University, China ProfessorLi, Yining, GuanghuaSchool of Management, Peking University, China Researcher Lu, Xueyi, Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Wong, Young-tsu, Department of History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA Professor Yu, Keping, Central Compilation and Translation Bureau, China Professor Yue, Daiyun, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, China Zhu, Yinghuang, China Daily Press, China Series Coordinators Zitong Wu, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, China Yan Li, Springer More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11562 Yu-hsiu Ku History of Zen 123 Yu-hsiuKu Beijing China Yu-hsiuKu (1902–2002)is deceased. ISSN 2195-1853 ISSN 2195-1861 (electronic) ChinaAcademic Library ISBN978-981-10-1129-0 ISBN978-981-10-1130-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1130-6 Jointlypublished with ForeignLanguage TeachingandResearch Publishing Co.,Ltd LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016942514 ©ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPublishingCo.,Ltd andSpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Respectedly dedicated to: Wuchi Tashih Shihtou Hsichien (Musai Sekitō Zenji, 700–790) And Abbot Hsu Yun (Kiun, 1840–1959) 谨献给 无际大师石头希迁 佛慈弘法大师虚云 Acknowledgments The author is grateful to Pantheon Books, 201 East 50th Street, New York, N.Y., 10022, for kind permission to use excerpts from A History of Zen Buddhism, by Heinrich Dumoulin, S. J., translated by Paul Peachey, and Original Teachings of Ch’anBuddhism:SelectedfromtheTransmissionoftheLamp,translatedbyChang Chung-yuan, and The Way of Zen, by Alan W. Watts. TheFirstZenInstitute ofAmerica,Inc.,113East30th Street, NewYork,N.Y., 10016, has been generous in granting permission to quote passages from The Development of Chinese Zen, by Heinrich Dumoulin, S. J., translated with addi- tional notes and appendices by Ruth Fuller Sasaki. The Princeton University Press has kindly given permission to reprint certain passages from Zen and Japanese Culture by Daisetz T. Suzuki. The author wishes to express his indebtedness and gratitude. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 757 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y., 10017, haskindlywrittentotheauthor.Theyforeseenodifficultywiththeauthor’srequest to reprint certain excerpts from Zen Dust by Isshu Miura and Ruth Fuller Sasaki. The author is grateful for such permission. TheauthorisalsogratefultoGrovePress,Inc.,196W.HoustonSt.,NewYork, N.Y., 10014, for permission to quote from Essays in Zen Buddhism, by D. T. Suzuki; to Shambhala Publications, Inc., 1123 Spruce Street, Boulder, Colorado 80302, for permission to quote the fourteenth case from The Blue Cliff Record, translated by Thomas and J. C. Cleary; and to Samuel Weiser, Inc., 625 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10012, for permission to quote Mr. Christmas Humphreys’ Foreword to Living by Zen by D. T. Suzuki. As Zen and Zen Classics by R. H. Blyth has been most helpful to the author, besides the works of Dumoulin, Suzuki, and Ruth Fuller Sasaki, the author has requested permission from The Hokuseido Press, No.12, 3-chome, Nishikicho, Kanda, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, for quotations from Volumes 2 and 3. The author was informed by The Hokuseido Press that Dr. Frederick Franck had made selections from Blyth’s five volumes and these selections are published as a Vintage Book. vii viii Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank the Random House for permission to use excerpts from the Selections edited by Frederick Franck and also to thank the Perennial Library for permission to quote from ThePracticeofZen,byGarmaC. C. Chang. The author must also acknowledge his indebtedness to: Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism, by D. T. Suzuki, Schocken Books Inc., 1963 The Practice of Zen, by Garma C. C. Chang, Perennial Library, 1970 The World of Zen, by Nancy Wilson Ross, Vintage Book, 1960 The Platform Scripture, translated by Wing-tsit Chan, St. John’s University Press, Jamaica, N.Y., 1963 TheGoldenAgeofZen,byJohnC.H.Wu,HwaKangBookstore,Taipei,1975 Lao Tzu: Tao Teh Ching, translated by John C. H. Wu, St. John’s University Press, Jamaica, N.Y., 1961 The Three Pillars of Zen, by Philip Kapleau, Beacon Press, 1967 ZenIsEternalLife,byJiyuKennett,DharmaPublishing,Emeryville,California, 1976 Zen-shū Shi, by Reverend Keidō Chisan, Tokyo, 2nd edition, 1974 Sōtō-shū Zensho, published by Sōtō-shū Office, Tokyo, 1976 Shen-hui Ho-shan I-chi, compiled and edited by Hu Shih, “Academia Sinica”, Taipei, 1970 Chung-kuo Ch’an-tsung Shih, by Reverend Yin Shun, Taipei, 1975 Meibatsu Chūkoku Bukkyō Kenkyū, by Reverend Sheng Yen, Tokyo, 1975 Daishō Shinshū Daizōkyō, published 1924–1934 KinseZenrinSōhōDen,Vol.I,byReverendDoku’enJōju,1890,1973;Vols.II and III, by Shōhata Buntei, 1938, 1973. TheauthorismostgratefultoSötō-shūDaihonzanSōji-jiforsupplyingthecolor photo of Musai Sekitō Zenji and to Gold Mountain Temple, San Francisco, for supplying the photo of Abbot Hsu Yun. The author is glad to add the following acknowledgments: (1)InaletterdatedSeptember18,1978,Harper&RowPublishers,Inc.,10East 53rdSt.,NewYork,gavepermissiontoquotefrompages75–76inthePracticeof Zen by Garma C. C. Chang (Perennial Library Edition). (2) In a letter dated December 19, 1978, Random House, Inc., Permissions EditorNinaGarfinkelgavetheauthorthefollowinganswer:“Sinceyouhaveletus know that you have already obtained permission from the Hokuseido Press in Tokyo for use of selections from R. H. Blyth’s works, and since they actually control publication rights in his texts, we can assure that we have no objection to your including excerpts from our book, in your forthcoming volume.” (Random House, Inc., is the Publisher of Selections from R. H. Blyth, edited by Frederick Franck.) Contents 1 From Daruma to Gunin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Buddhas and Patriarchs 七佛天竺祖师. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Shakyamuni Butsu 释迦摩尼佛. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 The Sixth Patriarch and His Disciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3 The Nangaku Branch and the Igyō School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4 The Rinzai School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 The Ōryū and Yōgi Sects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6 The Seigen Branch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 7 The Sōtō School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 8 The Ummon School and The Hōgen School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 9 The Rinzai School in Japan—Eisai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 10 The Era of Five Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 11 The Era of Daiō, Daitō, and Kanzan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 12 Hakuin Ekaku and His Disciples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 13 The Ōbaku School in Japan—Ingen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 ix x Contents 14 The Sōtō School in Japan—Dōgen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 15 Keizan and His Disciples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Appendix I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Chief Abbots (Kanshu) of Eihei-Ji 永平寺贯首. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Appendix II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Chief Abbots (Dokūju) of Sōji-Ji 总持寺独住. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Appendix III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Abbots of Kasui-sai (Sōtō School) 可睡斋历代住持 . . . . . . . . . . . 166 16 Shinetsu Kōchū and Forty-Six Sects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 List of Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199