Historical Dictionary of Somalia, New Edition Mohamed Haji Mukhtar The Scarecrow Press 02-304 Front 12/17/02 8:17 AM Page i AFRICAN HISTORICALDICTIONARIES Edited by Jon Woronoff 1. Cameroon,by Victor T. Le Vine and Roger P. Nye. 1974. Out of print. See No. 48. 2. The Congo,2nd ed., by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff. 1984. Out of print. See No. 69. 3. Swaziland,by John J. Grotpeter. 1975. 4. The Gambia,2nd ed., by Harry A. Gailey. 1987. 5. Botswana,by Richard P. Stevens. 1975. Out of print. See No. 70. 6. Somalia,by Margaret F. Castagno. 1975. Out of print. See No. 87. 7. Benin (Dahomey), 2nd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1987. Out of print. See No. 61. 8. Burundi,by Warren Weinstein. 1976. Out of print. See No. 73. 9. Togo,3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1996. 10. Lesotho,by Gordon Haliburton. 1977. 11.Mali,3rd ed., by Pascal James Imperato. 1996. 12.Sierra Leone,by Cyril Patrick Foray. 1977. 13.Chad,3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1997. 14.Upper Volta,by Daniel Miles McFarland. 1978. 15.Tanzania,by Laura S. Kurtz. 1978. 16.Guinea,3rd ed., by Thomas O’Toole with Ibrahima Bah-Lalya. 1995. 17.Sudan,by John Voll. 1978. Out of print. See No. 53. 18.Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, by R. Kent Rasmussen. 1979. Out of print. See No. 46. 19.Zambia, 2nd ed., by John J. Grotpeter, Brian V. Siegel, and James R. Pletcher. 1998. 20.Niger,3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1997. 21.Equatorial Guinea,3rd ed., by Max Liniger-Goumaz. 2000. 22.Guinea-Bissau,3rd ed., by Richard Lobban and Peter Mendy. 1997. 23.Senegal,by Lucie G. Colvin. 1981. Out of print. See No. 65. 24.Morocco,by William Spencer. 1980. Out of print. See No. 71. 25.Malawi,by Cynthia A. Crosby. 1980. Out of print. See No. 84. 26.Angola,by Phyllis Martin. 1980. Out of print. See No. 52. 27. The Central African Republic, by Pierre Kalck. 1980. Out of print. See No. 51. 28.Algeria,by Alf Andrew Heggoy. 1981. Out of print. See No. 66. 29.Kenya,by Bethwell A. Ogot. 1981. Out of print. See No. 77. 30.Gabon,by David E. Gardinier. 1981. Out of print. See No. 58. 31.Mauritania,by Alfred G. Gerteiny. 1981. Out of print. See No. 68. 32.Ethiopia, by Chris Prouty and Eugene Rosenfeld. 1981. Out of print. See No. 56. 02-304 Front 12/17/02 8:17 AM Page ii 33.Libya,3rd ed., by Ronald Bruce St. John. 1998. 34.Mauritius,by Lindsay Riviere. 1982.Out of print. See No. 49. 35.Western Sahara,by Tony Hodges. 1982. Out of print. See No. 55. 36.Egypt,by Joan Wucher King. 1984. Out of print. See No. 67. 37.South Africa,by Christopher Saunders. 1983. Out of print. See No. 78. 38.Liberia,by D. Elwood Dunn and Svend E. Holsoe. 1985. Out of print. See No. 83. 39.Ghana,by Daniel Miles McFarland. 1985.Out of print. See No. 63. 40.Nigeria,2nd ed., by Anthony Oyewole and John Lucas. 2000. 41.Côte d’Ivoire (The Ivory Coast),2nd ed., by Robert J. Mundt. 1995. 42.Cape Verde,2nd ed., by Richard Lobban and Marilyn Halter. 1988. Out of print. See No. 62. 43.Zaire,by F. Scott Bobb. 1988. Out of print. See No. 76. 44.Botswana, 2nd ed., by Fred Morton, Andrew Murray, and Jeff Ramsay. 1989. Out of print. See No. 70. 45.Tunisia,2nd ed., by Kenneth J. Perkins. 1997. 46.Zimbabwe,2nd ed., by Steven C. Rubert and R. Kent Rasmussen. 1990. Out of print. See No. 86. 47.Mozambique,by Mario Azevedo. 1991. Out of Print. See No. 88. 48.Cameroon,2nd ed., by Mark W. DeLancey and H. Mbella Mokeba. 1990. 49.Mauritius,2nd ed., by Sydney Selvon. 1991. 50.Madagascar,by Maureen Covell. 1995. 51.The Central African Republic, 2nd ed., by Pierre Kalck; translated by Thomas O’Toole. 1992. 52.Angola,2nd ed., by Susan H. Broadhead. 1992. 53.Sudan, 2nd ed., by Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, Richard A. Lobban Jr., and John Obert Voll. 1992. Out of Print. See No. 85. 54.Malawi,2nd ed., by Cynthia A. Crosby. 1993. Out of print. See No. 84. 55.Western Sahara,2nd ed., by Anthony Pazzanita and Tony Hodges. 1994. 56.Ethiopia and Eritrea, 2nd ed., by Chris Prouty and Eugene Rosenfeld. 1994. 57.Namibia,by John J. Grotpeter. 1994. 58.Gabon,2nd ed., by David E. Gardinier. 1994. 59.Comoro Islands,by Martin Ottenheimer and Harriet Ottenheimer. 1994. 60.Rwanda,by Learthen Dorsey. 1994. 61.Benin,3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo. 1995. 62.Republic of Cape Verde, 3rd ed., by Richard Lobban and Marlene Lopes. 1995. 63.Ghana, 2nd ed., by David Owusu-Ansah and Daniel Miles McFarland. 1995. 64.Uganda,by M. Louise Pirouet. 1995. 02-304 Front 12/17/02 8:17 AM Page iii 65.Senegal,2nd ed., by Andrew F. Clark and Lucie Colvin Phillips. 1994. 66.Algeria,2nd ed., by Phillip Chiviges Naylor and Alf Andrew Heggoy. 1994. 67.Egypt,2nd ed., by Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. 1994. 68.Mauritania,2nd ed., by Anthony G. Pazzanita. 1996. 69.Congo, 3rd ed., by Samuel Decalo, Virginia Thompson, and Richard Adloff. 1996. 70.Botswana,3rd ed., by Jeff Ramsay, Barry Morton, and Fred Morton. 1996. 71.Morocco,2nd ed., by Thomas K. Park. 1996. 72.Tanzania,2nd ed., by Thomas P. Ofcansky and Rodger Yeager. 1997. 73.Burundi,2nd ed., by Ellen K. Eggers. 1997. 74.Burkina Faso,2nd ed., by Daniel Miles McFarland and Lawrence Rupley. 1998. 75.Eritrea,by Tom Killion. 1998. 76.Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), by F. Scott Bobb. 1999. (Re- vised edition of Historical Dictionary of Zaire, No. 43) 77.Kenya, 2nd ed., by Robert M. Maxon and Thomas P. Ofcansky. 2000. 78.South Africa, 2nd ed., by Christopher Saunders and Nicholas Southey. 2000. 79.The Gambia,3rd ed., by Arnold Hughes and Harry A. Gailey. 2000. 80.Swaziland, 2nd ed., by Alan R. Booth. 2000. 81.Republic of Cameroon,3rd ed., by Mark W. DeLancey and Mark Dike DeLancey. 2000. 82.Djibouti, by Daoud A. Alwan and Yohanis Mibrathu. 2000. 83.Liberia, 2nd ed.,by D. Elwood Dunn, Amos J. Beyan, and Carl Patrick Burrowes. 2001. 84.Malawi,3rd ed., by Owen J. Kalinga and Cynthia A. Crosby. 2001. 85.Sudan, 3rd ed., by Richard A. Lobban Jr., Robert S. Kramer, Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban. 2002. 86.Zimbabwe,3rd ed.,by Steven C. Rubert and R. Kent Rasmussen. 2001. 87.Somalia,New ed., by Mohamed Haji Mukhtar. 2003. 88.Mozambique,2nd ed.,by Mario Azevedo. 2002. 02-304 Front 12/17/02 8:17 AM Page iv 02-304 Front 12/17/02 8:17 AM Page v Historical Dictionary of Somalia New Edition Mohamed Haji Mukhtar African Historical Dictionary Series, No. 87 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland, and Oxford 2003 02-304 Front 12/17/02 8:17 AM Page vi SCARECROWPRESS,INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. AMember of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright ©2003 by Mohamed Haji Mukhtar All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji, 1947– Historical dictionary of Somalia / Mohamed Haji Mukhtar.—New ed. p. cm—(African historical dictionaries ; 87) Rev. ed. of: Historical dictionary of Somalia / by Margaret Castagno. 1975. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8108-4344-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Somalia—History—Dictionaries. I. Castagno, Margaret, 1922– Historical dictionary of Somalia. II. Title. III. African historical dictionaries ; no. 87. DT401.2 .M85 2003 967.73'003—dc21 2002010300 ∞ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. 02-304 Front 12/17/02 8:17 AM Page vii To my son, Suleyman Mukhtar, who died at age eleven from the indiscriminate shelling in Mogadishu in 1990, and to all the innocent young people who suffered the same fate. 02-304 Front 12/17/02 8:17 AM Page viii 02-304 Front 12/17/02 8:17 AM Page ix Contents Series Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff xi Acknowledgments xiii Reader’s Notes xv Abbreviations and Acronyms xvii Maps xxii Chronology xxv Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 11 Appendix A: Members of Government from 1956 to 1991 271 Appendix B: Political Factions 283 Appendix C: Members of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC), 1969 285 Bibliography 287 About the Author 353 ix