Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks Volume I Editor Robert S. Carmichael, Ph.D. Head, Geophysics Program Department of Geology University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa First published 1982 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1982 by Taylor & Francis CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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ISBN 13: 978-1-138-50679-4 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-71211-5 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com PREFACE The objective of this handbook is to provide an organized compilation of data on rocks and minerals. “Science is organized knowledge.” Herbert Spencer (1820—1903) English philosopher The handbook is a current guide to physical properties, for easy reference to and com­ parison of various properties or various types of materials. Its function is to present a reliable data base that has been selected and evaluated, and as comprehensively as reasonable size limitations will permit. The intent is to bridge the gap between individ­ ual reports with only specific limited data, and massive assemblies of data which are uncritically presented. Individual chapters have been prepared by recognized authorities who are among the leaders of their respective specialties. These authors are drawn from leading uni­ versity, industrial, and government and scientific establishments. An Advisory Board of nationally prominent geoscientists has helped to oversee the handbook develop­ ment. The handbook is interdisciplinary in content and approach. A purpose is to provide data for persons in geology, geophysics, geochemistry, petrophysics materials science, or geotechnical engineering, who might be expert in one special topic but who seek information on materials and properties in another topic. This might be for purposes of evaluation, estimates, modelling, prospecting, assessment of hazards, subsurface character, prediction of properties, beginning new projects, and so on. The expert may have sources of reference as a guide in his area, but needs assistance to get started on something new or on a topic in an allied field. The format is primarily tabular for easy reference and comparability. In addition to tables and listings, there are graphs and descriptions where appropriate. Graphical trends, e. g., how a property varies with a parameter such as mineral composition or temperature or pressure, can be particularly useful when studying rocks. This is be­ cause, for some rock properties, the trend may be more reliable and useful than the absolute value of the property at one particular condition. Rocks are the foundation of our physical world, both literally and figuratively. The importance of them, and of their physical properties, derives from such applications as: 1. They are the material on or in which geotechnical engineers install buildings, dams, tunnels, bridges, underground storage or waste disposal facilities, and a variety of other structures. 2. They contain the natural resources needed by modern industrial society, includ­ ing oil and gas, coal, groundwater, geothermal energy, and ore deposits of such metals as iron, copper, lead, zinc, and nickel. 3. Their variations in physical properties such as density, magnetization, elastic- wave velocity, and electrical resistivity provide means for remotely determining subsurface geology and structure by the methods of exploration geophysics. 4. They rupture on fault zones to produce earthquakes and transmit the resulting seismic waves for long distances. 5. Laboratory study of them can often reveal the age, origin, and geologic history of rocks and events. Physical properties of rocks and of their constituent minerals are of concern to ge­ ologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, and geotechnical engineers. Over the past 20 years or so, there has been a great increase in the amount and variety of data available. This was because of the development of new measuring equipment and analytical tech­ niques, the rise of new applications requiring new or more refined data, and the acqui­ sition of rocks from habitats that had been previously inaccessible. The latter include great depths in the continents (down over 10,000 m in sedimentary basins), the conti­ nental shelves and seafloors to depths of several hundred meters below the deep sea­ floor, and the Moon. Rock properties are of interest for recently developing topics such as deeper drilling for petroleum and other resources, including deep minerals and geothermal energy development; understanding earthquakes and their prospective prediction based on precursory physical changes occurring in the epicentral area; engineering geology; more refined geophysical prospecting of the subsurface using inherent rock properties as well as rock structure; and study of surface geology from satellite remote sensing. There is also ever-increasing interest in the properties of rocks and minerals because of new or expanded applications in allied fields. For example, materials scientists and solid-state physicists are interested in such physical properties as the magnetic, electri­ cal, and optical character of mineral crystals. Such information has use for magnetic memory devices for computers, for permanent magnets, and for electronics. Construc­ tion engineers need better information on rock properties in unconventional sites, e.g., for installing oil-storage tanks on the seafloor, for burying pipelines in permafrost terrain, and for siting major structures in areas of seismic risk. “Human knowledge is but an accumulation of small facts made by successive generations of (investigators) — the little bits of knowledge and experience carefully treasured up by them growing at length into a mighty pyramid.” Sam uel Sm iles (1812—1904) Scottish writer Chapters in Volume I include: Mineral composition of rocks — Chemical composition and physical characteristics of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, and of pore fluids (including geoth­ ermal fluids), economic ores and fuels (including coal, petroleum, oil shale and tar sands, radioactive minerals), and marine sediments. Properties of minerals and crys­ tals, including petrographic characteristics. Composition of the Earth’s crust and man­ tle, and of meteorites and Moon rock. Kenneth F. Clark, Ph.D. Professor of Geology University of Texas El Paso, Texas Electrical properties of rocks and minerals — Conductivity/resistivity and dielectric constants of minerals and dry rocks. Variation of electrical properties with tempera­ ture, pressure, frequency at which measurement is made, and ithology and porosity. Induced polarization. Resistivity of brine and water-bearing rocks. Electrical proper­ ties and electric logs of sedimentary rocks, in situ sequences of rocks, and coal, perma­ frost, and the Earth’s interior. George V. Keller, Ph.D. Professor of Geophysics Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado Spectroscopic properties of rocks and minerals — Interaction of matter with electro­ magnetic radiation, in the visible and infrared range. Properties of absorption/trans- mission, reflection and emission, and spectral characteristics of minerals and rocks. Graham R. Hunt, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist Petrophysics and Remote Sensing Branch U.S. Geological Survey Denver, Colorado Volume II includes: Seismic velocities — Compressional and shear wave velocities for rocks, minerals, marine sediments and water, aggregates and glasses, the Earth’s crust and upper man­ tle (continental and oceanic), glaciers and permafrost. Laboratory and in situ measure­ ments. Variation of velocity with degree of fluid saturation, pressure, and temperature. Nikolas I. Christensen, Ph.D. Professor of Geological Sciences and Graduate Program in Geophysics University of Washington Seattle, Washington Magnetic properties of minerals and rocks — Magnetic and crystalline properties of magnetic minerals. Types of remanent magnetizations. Magnetic properties of rocks: susceptibility, coercive field, Curie temperature, anisotropy, saturation magnetization. Variation with chemical composition, grain size and shape, temperature, and pressure. Robert S. Carmichael, Ph.D. Professor of Geology University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Engineering properties of rock — Factors and tests relating to rock appraisal, char­ acterization, and assessment of properties such as strength, hardness, elastic constants, and deformation. Engineering properties, including the effects of pore water pressure. Allen W. Hatheway, Ph.D. George A. Kiersch, Ph.D. Professor of Geological Engineering Emeritus Professor Department of Mining Petroleum Cornell University and Geological Engineering Ithaca, New York University of Missouri and Tucson, Arizona Rolla, Missouri Volume III includes: Density of rocks and minerals — Determination of density and porosity by calcula­ tion and in situ methods. Densities of minerals and soils. Densities of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks, along with histograms and statistical analysis of den­ sity ranges. Gordon R. Johnson Gary R. Olhoeft, Ph.D. Research Geophysicist Research Geophysicist Petrophysics and Remote Sensing Petrophysics and Remote Sensing Branch Branch U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Denver, Colorado Denver, Colorado Elastic constants of minerals — Elastic properties for single crystals and polycrys­ talline aggregates, for alkali halide, oxide, and silicate minerals. The constants include bulk modulus, shear modulus, density and atomic weight, thermal expansivity, heat capacity, Poisson’s ratio, wave velocities and the constants’ temperature and pressure coefficients; and also Gruneisen and Gruneisen-Anderson parameters and Debye tem­ perature. Orson L. Anderson, Ph.D. Yoshio Sumino, Ph.D. Professor of Geophysics Research Associate Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Center for Earthquake Prediction Physics Department of Earth Sciences University of California Nagoya University Los Angeles, California Nagoya, Japan Inelastic properties of rocks and minerals: strength and rheology — Laboratory tests in rock mechanics; stress-strain relations; and effects of pore fluids, time and stress rate, and temperature. Rock friction. Compilation of experimental data. Stephen H. Kirby, Ph.D. John W. McCormick, Ph.D. Geophysicist Department of Computer Sciences Office of Earthquake Studies State University of New York U.S. Geological Survey Plattsburgh, New York Menlo Park, California Radioactivity properties of minerals and rock — Radioactive isotope systems used in age dating. Decay constants. Radiogenic heat production of rocks. Radioactive min­ erals. W. Randall Van Schmus, Ph.D. Professor of Geology Department of Geology University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas Seismic attenuation — Methods of laboratory and seismological determination of attenuation, with application to oil exploration and terrestrial studies. Data for p-wave and s-wave attenuation of minerals, sedimentary and nonsedimentary rocks, and the Earth. Effect of strain amplitude, pressure, frequency, and fluid saturation. Mario S. Vassiliou, Ph.D. Carlos A. Salvado Seismological Laboratory Earth and Planetary Sciences Group California Institute of Technology Rockwell International Science Center Pasadena, California Thousand Oaks, California Bernhard R. Tittmann, Ph.D. Manager Earth and Planetary Sciences Group Rockwell International Science Center Thousand Oaks, California My thanks are extended to all who have contributed to the formulation and execu­ tion of this Handbook series. The editorial function at CRC Press was performed by Susan Cubar, Pamela Woodcock, and Cathy Walker. The University of Iowa provided partial summer support in the form of an Old Gold Fellowship to the Editor. Appre­ ciation is due Dr. Richard Hoppin, Chairman of Geology at Iowa, for fostering the supportive environment conducive to profession labors of love such as this. Robert S. Carmichael 1982 THE EDITOR Robert S. Carmichael, Ph.D., is professor of Geophysics and Geology in the Depart- ment of Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa City. He graduated from the University of Toronto with a B.A. Sc. degree in geophysics/engineering physics, and then earned M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Earth and Planetary Science from the University of Pitts­ burgh. His thesis specialties were in seismology and rock magnetism, and while there, he was an Andrew Mellon university Fellow. After graduation in 1967, he spent a year at Osaka University in Japan, as a post­ doctoral Research Fellow of the Japan Society for Promotion of Science and working in high-pressure geophysics. Upon return, he joined Shell Oil’s Research Center in Houston as a research geophysicist in petroleum exploration. Now at the University of Iowa, Dr. Carmichael has research interests in rock properties, exploration geo­ physics, high-pressure geophysics and magnetics, and earthquakes in the central Mid- continent region. He has authored over 25 scientific articles, and done consulting for geotechnical and seismic problems. He is a member of the American Geophysical Union, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Iowa Academy of Science, Association of Professional En­ gineers, and Society of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity. ADVISORY BOARD William F. Brace, Ph.D. Benjamin F. Howell, Ph.D. Professor of Earth and Planetary Professor of Geosciences, and Sciences Associate Dean Massachusetts Institute of Technology Pennsylvania State University Cambridge, Massachusetts University Park, Pennsylvania Donald R. Mabey Milton B. Dobrin, Ph.D.* Geophysicist Professor of Geology U.S. Geological Survey University of Houston Salt Lake City, Utah Houston, Texas Jack E. Oliver, Ph.D. S. Norman Domenico, Ph.D. Professor and Former Chairman Research Consultant Department of Geological Sciences Former Director of Geophysics Cornell University Research Ithaca, New York AMOCO Production Research Company John S. Sumner, Ph.D. Tulsa, Oklahoma Professor of Geosciences, and Chief Scientist of Geophysics Laboratory University of Arizona John Handin, Ph.D. Tucson, Arizona Professor and Associate Dean Center for Tectonophysics Manik Talwani, Ph.D. College of Geosciences Professor and Former Director Texas A & M University Lamont-Doherty Geological College Station, Texas Observatory Columbia University Peter J. Hood, Ph.D. Palisades, New York Head, Regional Geophysics Program Resource Geophysics and Frank Press, Ph.D.** Geochemistry Divison Head, Department of Earth and Geological Survey of Canada Planetary Sciences Ottawa, Ontario Massachusetts Institute of Technology Canada Cambridge, Massachusetts * Deceased 1980 ** Relinquished position upon assumption of duties as President’s Science Advisor and Director of Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington, D.C. THE CONTRIBUTORS Nikolas I. Christensen, Ph.D., earned his degrees at the University of Wisconsin. He has worked in geology and geophysics at the Universities of Southern California and Washington. Dr. Christensen is now a Professor of Geology at the latter, and is associated with the Graduate program in Geophysics. His research centers on elastic properties of rocks and minerals, crystal physics, and applications to the crust of the Earth. Kenneth F. Clark, Ph.D., has degrees from the University of Durham (United King­ dom) and New Mexico. He has worked as a geologist with Anglo-American Corpora- tion/South Africa and with Cornell University. From 1971 to 1980 he was at the Uni­ versity of Iowa as Professor of Geology. His research has been in economic geology, mineral deposits, and tectonism and mineralization. Dr. Clark is now with the Depart­ ment of Geology at the University of Texas at El Paso. Allen W. Hatheway, Ph. D., has degrees from the Universities of California/Los Angeles and Arizona. He is a registered geologist, engineering geologist, and civil en­ gineer in several states and has worked in consulting geotechnical engineering for LeRoy Crandall & Associates, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Shannon and Wilson, Inc., and Haley & Aldrich, Inc. He has recently joined the University of Missouri at Rolla as Professor of Geological Engineering. His technical interests include engineer­ ing geology and engineering properties of rocks. Graham R. Hunt, Ph.D., D. Sc., earned degrees from the University of Sydney in Australia and worked in spectroscopy at Tufts University, M. I. T., and the Air Force Cambridge Research Labs. As of 1981 he was a Senior Research Scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey as Chief of the Petrophysics and Remote Sensing Branch in Denver. Dr. Hunt’s research has been in spectroscopy and physical chemistry, molec­ ular structure, and the remote sensing of the composition of terrestrial and extraterres­ trial surfaces. He passed away in 1981 after a brief illness. George V. Keller, Ph.D., graduated from Pennsylvania State University and then worked for the U.S. Geological Survey. He is now Professor of Geophysics at the Colorado School of Mines and former Head of the Department. He is co-author of the book, Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting. Dr. Keller’s research in­ cludes electrical prospecting, geothermal resources, physical rock properties, and the Earth’s crust. George A. Kiersch, Ph.D., graduated from the Colorado School of Mines and the University of Arizona. He worked as a geologist with the Army Corps of Engineers and directed exploration programs for the University of Arizona and Southern Pacific Company before joining Cornell University in 1960 as Professor of Engineering Geol­ ogy. He served as Chairman of Geological Sciences there from 1965 to 1971. Dr. Kiersch’s interests have been in engineering geology, mineral deposits, and geomechan­ ics. He is now Emeritus Professor from Cornell and practices as a geologic consultant with offices in Arizona and New York.