Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Hall, Alison Jane (2010) Guilt, suffering and the psyche. PhD thesis, Middlesex University. [Thesis] This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/9134/ Copyright: MiddlesexUniversityResearchRepositorymakestheUniversity’sresearchavailableelectronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unlessotherwisestated. Theworkissuppliedontheunderstandingthatanyuseforcommercialgain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permissioninwritingfromthecopyrightholder(s). 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See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy Guilt, Suffering and the Psyche Alison Jane Hall Middlesex University Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy February 2010 Abstract The topic of this thesis is guilt. The thesis begins by considering the broad context of guilt as conceptualised across the humanities and social sciences. It then focuses on the extensive work done on guilt in psychoanalysis. The main contributions to the debates on guilt in psychoanalysis are investigated in detail to isolate the key issues in trying to understand guilt. The key question approached concerns the origin of guilt and its functioning in psychical life. The thesis shows how previous theorists have struggled to identify a plausible explanation for the presence of guilt in mental functioning and in particular for the suffering generated by pathogenic guilt. It argues that there are impasses in the work of Freud, Klein and others that prevent their being able to fully account for guilt. It employs insights and argument from the work of Jacques Lacan to proceed beyond those impasses. While the emphasis in the work of previous theorists was on trying to identify what subjects were really guilty of, beyond their superficial self-reproaches, this thesis argues that the avowal of guilt by subjects functions as a device to keep anxiety at a distance and, functioning as such, it is inherently deceptive. The thesis shows that Lacan revisits problems raised in his Ethics seminar from 1959- 60 in 1972-3 in his Seminar XX ‘Encore’. The theoretical developments in the later seminar show that the inscription of subjects in a sexed order is regulated by their relation to the signifier and produces differentials in relation to the law and Other jouissance. While most guilt theories argue that guilt is a ‘fault’ in the human being, 1 Lacan’s theoretical work allows us to argue that guilt is a ‘fault’ that is constructed in the moment of the construction of human subjectivity. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following: Georgia and Alex for love. Mum, Meg, the Muirton and Hal for help and support. Tessa for understanding. Bernard Burgoyne for his patient and very human supervision. 3 Contents Abstract p. 1 Acknowledgements p. 3 Contents Page p. 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Thesis and Overview of Guilt p. 5 Chapter 2 Freud and Guilt p. 43 Chapter 3 Freud’s followers: Ernest Jones and Melanie Klein p.111 Chapter 4 Lacan on Guilt p. 146 Chapter 5 Analysis p. 185 Chapter 6 Findings and Conclusions p. 221 Appendix X Translation issues p. 256 Bibliography p. 275 4 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Thesis and Overview of Guilt. The laws of conscience which we say are born of Nature, are born of custom; since man inwardly venerates the opinions and the manners approved and received about him, he cannot without remorse free himself from them nor apply himself to them without self-approbation. Montaigne (2003[1580]) Essays Book 1, Ch. 23 ‘On habit: and on never easily changing a traditional law’ Background to the research. The research being undertaken is concerned with guilt. Guilt is arguably a serious and extensive (if not universal) social and psychological problem. As such, it might be imagined that study of guilt would be comparably extensive but this is not the case. The reasons for this are complex and a function of historical development and, in particular, of developments in the history of ideas. While this question cannot be addressed properly here, it is worth remarking on selected issues. In as much as guilt has been an object of study, it has historically been the province of three main fields - law, theology and philosophy. It is in the nineteenth century, with the development of social science fields that guilt becomes re-conceptualised as a sociological, psychological and anthropological problem. From the late nineteenth century it becomes a psychoanalytic problem and also a focus for literary and later cultural1 analysis. The relative promiscuity of guilt may account for the relative lack of sustained and systematic study of it. Two main problems result from this: first guilt is conceptualised in very diverse 1 Among other examples, in 1999, Middlesex University hosted a conference on ‘Guilt and Visual Representation.’ 5 ways, with very divergent questions propelling investigation so that the researcher has to contend with the idiosyncrasies of a range of disciplines (guilt has been dealt with in a multi-disciplinary rather than an interdisciplinary way); and second, most of these discipline areas touch on guilt tangentially so that in most cases it has been studied superficially rather than intensively. The thesis begins by providing an overview of guilt so that some of the issues raised above are considered. The aim of this overview is also to contextualise the study as a whole, to delineate the scope and terms of the investigation, to show what the focus will be and why, to specify the questions which the research will pursue and to provide a background and introduction to the remainder of the thesis. This introductory chapter proceeds through a schematic assessment of the main ways guilt has been discussed and represented in Western intellectual and philosophical traditions. Themes, impasses, and oddities are noted, as they will form the basis for later analysis. This chapter concludes with the idea that since psychoanalysis has produced the most sustained and deep consideration of guilt to date, it is there that we will find the most fruitful work for further analysis. The remainder of the thesis focuses specifically on the work of Freud and a number of his key followers. Freud’s ground-breaking and developing ideas on guilt are examined in detail. This is followed by an examination of the work of Ernest Jones, chosen because, almost alone in the field, he provides a very deep and detailed examination of guilt and because his 6 ideas are close to, yet diverge in crucial respects from, those of Freud. Melanie Klein’s highly influential work is looked at next. She provides a wealth of clinical observation and ideas about guilt that change over the course of her work. Her ideas draw initially on Freud’s but differ in important respects. The work of these three is examined very closely to assess how theoretical work on guilt developed and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of it. Later work by Jacques Lacan is then examined in depth. Lacan had argued for the importance of returning to the radical core of Freud’s work and in the course of doing so, he produced readings of Freud that try to re-instate the alterity of the unconscious. In his Ethics seminar, he addresses the question of guilt in Freud and engages with the impasses that Freud was trying to deal with. Lacan’s later work offers possibilities for progressing the debate on guilt beyond the impasses encountered in the work of the others and in his own early formulations. This is supported by the work of one of his students, Michel Sylvestre. Many other psychoanalytic theorists have written about guilt and some will be alluded to in the course of the study. The four major theorists form the core interest of the thesis as they have produced significant and substantial contributions to the specific theorisation of guilt and there is ample scope in and through their work to investigate the problem. Freud’s work has been the focus of much academic study, and while others have considered aspects of his theory of guilt, it has not previously been charted in detail. 7 Jones work, and especially his work on guilt, has not been the focus of previous in-depth academic study. Klein and Lacan are the objects of study in recent academic work, though infrequently at the same time and not specifically in relation to guilt. Michel Sylvestre’s work is virtually unknown outside France and relatively little there. The thesis engages in original research in both assessing the work of these theorists and in proposing new lines of development. An Overview of Guilt Guilt is considered below from the viewpoints of Religion, Philosophy, Law, Sociology and Psychology. These are treated in chronological order of their earliest contributions to the discussion although it is often very difficult to maintain both discipline and time boundaries. The discussion in this chapter is very wide-ranging and therefore necessarily superficial and schematic. Many individual paragraphs consider issues that could form the basis of an extended study in themselves. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the topic, to provide some historical and intellectual background (albeit cursory) and context for the topic’s exploration and to highlight some interesting anomalies and oddities that require examination. Guilt as a religious/theological problem Sumerian creation-poetry from before 2000 BC refers to a hero-god Marduk who reputedly triumphed over a mythical evil dragon Timat. Timat’s offspring however avenged this defeat by spreading disease among the Sumerians. Disease was regarded by the Sumerians as indicative of human guilt for having sinned against the gods 8