Grid Computing for Electromagnetics Foralistingofrecentrelatedtitles,turntothebackofthisbook. Grid Computing for Electromagnetics Luciano Tarricone Alessandra Esposito Artech House, Inc. Boston • London www.artechhouse.com LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData Tarricone,Luciano. Gridcomputingforelectromagnetics/LucianoTarricone,AlessandraEsposito. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN1-58053-777-4(alk.paper) 1.Computationalgrids(Computersystems)2.Electromagnetism–Dataprocessing. I.Esposito,Alessandra. II.Title. QA76.9.C58T372004 004’.36—dc22 2004053827 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Tarricone,Luciano Gridcomputingforelectromagnetics.–(ArtechHouseelectromagneticslibrary) 1. Electromagnetism 2. Computational grids (Computer systems) I. Title II. Esposito, Alessandra 621.3’0285436 ISBN 1-58053-777-4 CoverdesignbyIgorValdman ©2004ARTECHHOUSE,INC. 685CantonStreet Norwood,MA02062 Allrightsreserved.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisbook maybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includ- ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher. Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshave beenappropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthisinforma- tion.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrade- markorservicemark. InternationalStandardBookNumber:1-58053-777-4 10987654321 Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii GridComputing:WhatIsIt? xiii GridComputing:WhoIsWho? xv GridComputing:AnOpportunityforElectromagneticsResearch xv HowtoReadThisBook xvii AFinalNote xviii References xviii CHAPTER 1 General Concepts on Grids 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 ParallelandDistributedArchitectures 2 1.3 ParallelandDistributedTopologies 5 1.4 ParallelandDistributedProgramming 7 1.4.1 MessagePassing 8 1.4.2 Shared-MemoryProgramming 9 1.4.3 ConcludingRemarks:ProgrammingParadigmsand 1.4.3 ParallelArchitectures 10 1.5 PerformanceAssessment 10 1.6 WebComputing 11 1.7 ComputationalGrids 14 1.7.1 Introduction 14 1.7.2 WhatIsaGrid? 15 1.7.3 GridArchitecture 17 1.7.4 GridMiddleware 19 1.7.5 Applications 20 1.8 Conclusions 21 References 21 CHAPTER 2 Enabling Technologies and Dedicated Tools 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 EnablingTechnologies:ObjectOrientation 24 2.2.1 ObjectOrientationforSoftwareEngineering 24 2.2.2 ObjectOrientationforEnablingTechnologies 25 2.2.3 CORBA 26 v vi Contents 2.2.4 Java 27 2.2.5 ObjectOrientationandElectromagneticSimulators 28 2.2.6 Conclusions 29 2.3 DedicatedTools:GridMiddleware 30 2.4 TheGlobusToolkit:AnOverview 30 2.5 TheGlobusToolkit:TheGlobusSecurityInfrastructure 31 2.5.1 Authorization 32 2.5.2 MutualAuthentication 33 2.5.3 SingleSignOnandDelegation 35 2.5.4 OtherServices 37 2.6 TheGlobusToolkit:TheResourceManagementPillar 38 2.7 TheGlobusToolkit:TheInformationServicesPillar 42 2.7.1 MDSDirectoryService:LightweightDirectoryAccessProtocol 43 2.7.2 MDSInformationModel 43 2.8 TheGlobusToolkit:TheDataManagementPillar 46 2.8.1 DistributedDataAccessandManagement 46 2.8.2 DatasetReplicasServices 47 2.8.3 Conclusions 48 2.9 TheGlobusToolsAPI 48 2.10 TheMPIwithGlobus 49 2.11 DedicatedTools:Economy-DrivenRMinGrids 51 2.12 Web-BasedTechnologiesandProjects 51 2.13 Grid-EnabledHTC:Condor-G 53 References 53 CHAPTER 3 Building Up a Grid 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 RecallingGlobusBasicConcepts 58 3.3 SettingUptheEnvironment 60 3.3.1 HardwareRequirements 60 3.3.2 SoftwareRequirements 60 3.3.3 SettingUptheNetwork 60 3.3.4 BeforeInstallingGlobus 61 3.4 GlobusInstallation 62 3.4.1 DownloadingthePackage 62 3.4.2 InstallingtheToolkit 63 3.5 GlobusConfiguration 64 3.5.1 Authorization 65 3.5.2 Authentication 66 3.5.3 UsingtheGlobusCA 66 3.5.4 UsingaLocalCA 68 3.6 ServicesStartUp 72 3.6.1 ResourceManagement 72 3.6.2 InformationServices 72 3.6.3 DataManagement 73 3.7 IntroducingaNewUsertotheGrid 74 Contents vii 3.7.1 ClientSide 74 3.7.2 ServerSide 74 3.8 Globus-RelevantCommandstoUsetheGrid 74 3.8.1 Authentication 75 3.8.2 ResourceManagement 75 3.8.3 InformationServices 78 3.8.4 DataManagement 80 3.9 DevelopingGrid-EnabledApplications 82 3.9.1 AnExamplewithGlobusAPI 83 3.10 MessagePassinginaGridFramework 85 3.11 SummaryandConclusions 87 References 87 CHAPTER 4 Applications: FDTD with MPI in Grid Environments 89 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 TheFDTDApproach:TheoreticalBackground 89 4.2.1 Yee’sAlgorithm 89 4.2.2 StabilityoftheAlgorithm 92 4.2.3 NumericalDispersion 92 4.2.4 ExcitationandAbsorbingBoundaryConditions 93 4.2.5 CPUTimeandMemoryRequirements 95 4.3 ParallelFDTD 96 4.3.1 ASimpleandPortableParallelAlgorithm 96 4.4 MigrationTowardComputationalGrids 108 4.4.1 Introduction 108 4.4.2 PracticalGuidelines 109 4.4.3 PthreadLibrariesandMPICH-G2 110 4.5 NumericalPerformance 111 4.5.1 PerformanceEvaluationofParallelDistributedFDTD 111 4.5.2 MPICH-G2PerformanceEvaluation 112 4.5.3 BenchmarkingParallelFDTDonaGrid 115 4.6 RemarkableAchievements 116 4.7 Conclusions 117 Acknowledgments 117 References 117 CHAPTER 5 CAE of Aperture-Antenna Arrays 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 NumericalTechniquesfortheAnalysisofFlange-Mounted RectangularApertures 123 5.2.1 TheoreticalBackground 123 5.2.2 ApproachesBasedonWaveguideModes 125 5.2.3 ApproachesBasedonGegenbauer’sPolynomials 127 5.3 AToolfortheCAEofRectangularApertureAntennaArrays 128 5.3.1 EvaluationoftheHorns’ScatteringMatrix 129 viii Contents 5.3.2 EvaluationoftheApertureArray’sScatteringMatrix 130 5.3.3 EvaluationoftheScatteringMatrixatExternalPorts 132 5.3.4 EvaluationoftheRadiationPattern 134 5.4 ParallelCAEofApertureArrays 135 5.4.1 PreliminaryAnalysis 136 5.4.2 Parallelization 139 5.4.3 ResultsonMIMDSupercomputingPlatforms 142 5.5 MigrationTowardGridEnvironments 144 5.5.1 SupportingCooperativeEngineeringwithGC 145 5.6 Conclusions 150 Acknowledgments 151 References 151 CHAPTER 6 Wireless Radio Base Station Networks 153 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 FoundationsofCellularSystems 154 6.2.1 GeneralConsiderations 154 6.2.2 FrequencyReuse 155 6.2.3 CapacityandTraffic 157 6.2.4 HowaCellularSystemConnectsUsers 158 6.2.5 BSAntennas 158 6.3 KeyFactorsforCurrentandFutureWirelessCommunications 160 6.3.1 PowerControl 160 6.3.2 ManagingwithMoreandMoreUsers 161 6.3.3 SystemStandardizationandInteroperability 161 6.3.4 ConcernsinthePublicOpinion 162 6.4 PlanningWirelessNetworks 162 6.5 AnIntegratedSystemforOptimumWirelessNetworkPlanning 163 6.5.1 OverviewoftheSystem 164 6.6 ACandidateArchitectureforanEffectiveISNOP 169 6.7 GCandItsRoleintheISNOP 170 6.8 WirelessNetworkPlanningwithGC 170 6.8.1 DataCommunicationwithGCinaSimplifiedISNOP 173 6.8.2 ENCModuleSimulation 178 6.9 Conclusions 180 Acknowledgments 181 References 181 CHAPTER 7 Conclusions and Future Trends 183 7.1 GC:BenefitsandLimitations 183 7.2 GCTrends 184 References 185 APPENDIX A Useful UNIX/Linux Hints 187 Contents ix A.1 UNIX/LinuxOperatingSystem:AnOverview 187 A.2 UNIX/Linux:TheArchitecture 188 A.3 TheFileSystem 188 A.3.1Introduction 188 A.3.2 FileSystemRelevantCommands 189 A.3.3 Pathnames 191 A.3.4 SystemCallsforFileManagement 192 A.3.5 Permissions 192 A.4 Processes 193 A.5 Administration 194 A.6 TheShell 194 A.6.1 Introduction 194 A.6.2 BackgroundCommandExecution 196 A.6.3 Redirection 196 A.6.4 Pipes 197 A.6.5 EnvironmentVariables 197 References 198 APPENDIX B Foundations of Cryptography and Security 199 B.1 Introduction 199 B.2 ConfidentialityandCryptography 200 B.3 DigitalSignature 202 B.4 CertificatesandCertificationAuthorities 203 References 205 APPENDIX C Foundations for Electromagnetic Theory 207 C.1 Maxwell’sEquationsintheTimeDomain 207 C.2 HelmholtzandDispersionEquations 208 C.3 TEandTMModes 209 C.4 FourierRepresentationofGreen’sFunctions 210 C.5 TheFar-FieldApproximation 212 Reference 213 APPENDIX D List of Useful Web Sites 215 Glossary 217 List of Acronyms 227 Selected Bibliography 233 About the Authors 239 Index 241