GODS OF LOVE ANI ECSTASY! DIONYSUS ALAIN DANIÉLOU) GODS OF LOVE AND ECSTASY THE TRADITIONS OF SHIVA AND DIONYSUS ALAIN DANIÉLOU ifr INNER TRADITIONS ROCHESTER, VERMONT Shiva in yoga posture, Temple of Vaital Deul, Bhuvaneshwar, Ovissa, 9th century. (In the author's collection). Inner Traditions International, Ltd. , One Park Street Rochester, Vermont 05767 First U. S. edition published in 1984 under the title Shiva and Dionysus by Inner Traditions International Reprinted under the title Gods of Love and Ecstasy by Inner Traditions Interna tional in 1992 First published in French under the title Shiva et Dionysos by Fayard in 1979 Copyright © 1979 by Librairie Artheme Fayard Translation copyright © 1982 East-West Publications All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Danielou, Alain. [Shiva et Dionysos. English] Gods of love and ecstasy : the traditions of Shiva and Dionysus / Alain Danifilou. p. cm. Translation of: Shiva et Dionysos. Previously published: Shiva and Dionysus. New York : Inner Traditions, 1984. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-89281-374-1 1. Siva (Hindu deity) 2. Dionysus (Greek deity) 3. Sivaism—History. I. Title. [BL1218.D3313 1992] 294.5'513—dc20 , 92-1042 CIP Printed and bound in the United States 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 Distributed to the book trade in the United States by American International Distribution Corporation (AIDC) Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Book Center, Inc., Montreal, Quebec CONTENTS FOREWORD 7 INTRODUCTION 11 1. ORIGINS 13 2. ASPECTS AND LEGENDS OF THE GODS 47 3. THE GODDESS 76 4. SONS OF THE GODDESS AND OF THE GOD 88 5. THE COMPANIONS OF THE GOD 99 6. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FORMS OF THE GOD 112 7. SACRED PLACES 131 8. MAN IN THE WORLD 139 9. RIGHTS AND PRACTICES 179 10. GOD OF THE DANCE AND THE THEATRE 199 11. LIFE AND SOCIETY 210 12. THE MODERN AGE 219 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 236 BIBLIOGRAPHY 248 FOREWORD This book is not an essay on the history of religions. It reflects my personal experience of discovering the most fundamental of religions in that veritable museum of world history which is India. Prior to Vedic Hinduism, Greek religion, Zoroastrianism and even Abraham, this early religion is the outcome of man's efforts since his remotest origins to understand the nature of creation in its balanced beauty and cruelty, as well as the manner in which he can identify himself in the Creator's work and cooperate with him. This religion is naturistic, not moralistic, ecstatic and not ritualistic. It strives to find the points of contact between the various states of being and to seek their harmonious relationship which allows every man to achieve his self- realization on a physical, intellectual and spiritual level and to play his role more fully in the universal symphony. It gradually dawned on me that all those things which seemed of value in later religions were only partial and deformed survivals, often perverted or skilfully disguised, of that ancient wisdom found in the cults of Shiva or of Dionysus This religion, so often persecuted but always reborn, appeared to me to still correspond to the deepest needs of man today. What is usually called "Primordial tradition" can, ultimately, only be linked to this stream of knowledge the origins of which go back to the first ages of the world. Throughout its long history, humanity has inevitably produced men of exceptional intelligence and it is from their experience and accumulated intuition that all cultures and civilizations derive. Humanity begins by using language forms as an instrument, so that symbols and myths express the relationship between man and the invisible world of spirits and gods. Shivaite concepts concerning the nature of the material and subtle world, as well as the Shivaite methods, such as Yoga, Sankhya (cosmology) and Tantrism, constitute an unparalleled knowledge of the nature of human beings and of the cosmos. A rediscovery of Shivaism-Dionysism would allow an effective return to the source 7 GODS OF LOVE AND ECSTASY and the re-establishment of that almost-broken link with a multi- millenarian knowledge of which we are the unwitting and ungrateful heirs. This does not involve any exotic innovation for the Western World. European religious sources are the same as those of India, and their traces have only been lost in the relatively recent past. The legend according to which Dionysus sojourned in India is an allusion to the identification of his cult with Indian religion. The rediscovery at the beginning of this century of the joyful and peaceable Cretan civilization and religion, which is so similar to Shivaism and which appears to be the deepest root of Western civilization, may thus be considered a premonition, a return to what Arnold Toynbee calls "a right religion'. I spent more than twenty years in the traditional Hindu world, as far removed from the modern world as though I had been miraculously transported back to the Egypt of the Pharaohs. On returning to Europe, I was amazed at the childishness of theological concepts, and of the barrenness of what is called religion. I found a rudderless humanity, clutching the dying tree of Christianity, without even understanding why it was dying. Those people, feeling this vacuum, were searching for their equilibrium in a visibly threatened world, but could find no help. They have to content themselves with having "their own religion", or else they become the easy victims of countless false prophets, market-place gurus, or of false initiations, "drawing- room Yoga" or "transcendental meditation". Sometimes they seek to escape by entering communities of "hippies" or ecologists, which can only isolate them and lead to nothing, because their approach is too restricted, negative and improvised. The return to Christianity or Islam in countries suffering from excessive materialism, as in Poland, Iran and elsewhere, are also expressions of the same need. Unfortun ately, these dogmatic and tyrannical religions cannot supply man with what he is seeking. The dark forces which seem to rule the modern world have shown great ability in diverting, deforming and annihilating all man's instinctive urges toward basic realities and the divine order of the world. As soon as a spark of light is glimpsed, it is taken over by those whose mission it is to pervert and exploit it, thus transforming what is beneficial into something maleficent. It is difficult for man to attain true knowledge and wisdom. Men, say the Upanishads, are part of the gods' cattle, and it displeases the gods to lose heads of cattle. This is why the gods place obstacles in the 8 FOREWORD way of knowledge which would otherwise allow man to free himself, to escape from slavery and from the ties (pasha) of the natural world. During their training, yogis acquire magical powers which become more and more astonishing. These are temptations which, if allowed to take hold, will turn them aside from their goal. In the same way, when humanity as a whole becomes a peril for other species and for the balance of nature, the gods inspire men with the madness which leads them to destruction. A way is always open, however, for man to return to his proper role of cooperating with the divine plan. This way, as taught by Shivaism, has nothing to do with false virtues, or with artificial moral or social problems in which modern religion and society take such delight, and whose precise aim is to deceive the soul, keep man from seeking true values, and thus lead him to suicide. The way of Shiva-Dionysus is the only way by which humanity can be saved. I have written this book, insufficient though it may be, for men of goodwill lost in a world of false values, so that it may remind some that a "way of wisdom" did exist, and still exists. This "way" consists simply in seeking to comprehend the nature of the world and in cooperating in the divine work. Whoever honestly seeks this way will find it, but it is necessary to question almost all established values and to ignore all senseless words, all those slogans which nowadays pass for ideas or doctrines. "The present adherents of the Judaic monotheistic religions and of [their] post-Christian substitutes. . . are, all of them, ex-pantheists. This historical fact suggests that there might be some hope of their reverting to the pantheistic attitude, now that they have become aware of the badness of the consequences of the monotheistic lack of respect for nature." (Arnold Toynbee. Choose Life, p. 298.) I do not claim to present a solution. On the basis of my personal experience, I have made a small effort to clear the ground which seems to be encumbered with ignorance and error, and to remind those who believe that "Religion" and "Christianity" are synonymous that the way of the divine is found outside the prison of dogmatism. This essay is not an instruction manual. The ritual elements indicated herein serve only as a starting point for reflecting on the nature of man, of the world and of the divine as taught by the most ancient, and at the same time, most modern of religions. It is evident that certain rites and practices of ancient Shivaism or Dionysism, such as human sacrifices, could not be contemplated 9 GODS OF LOVE AND ECSTASY nowadays. Perhaps I should have avoided mentioning them, as they could easily be used as a pretext for rejecting the whole of Shivaite concepts, but, in my opinion, it was necessary to do so because they reflect tendencies of the human being and aspects of the nature of the world, which it would be imprudent to ignore. They form part of our collective unconscious and risk being manifested in perverse ways if we are afraid to face up to them. We regard with horror the "crimes" of certain fanatical sects, without seeing their relationship to war. genocide, and the destruction of some animal species, all of which we too easily accept. We live in a world in which we must come to terms with the gods without cherishing illusions. We should always be conscious of our responsibilities and share them with the gods who conceived the world as it is, not as we like to believe it should be. This is the profound message of Shivaism, the only message which can help us face the divine reality of the world and cooperate with the work of the gods. There is no other true religion. 10 INTRODUCTION The universe is a wonderful work of harmony, beauty and balance. There may be other universes, founded on other formulae. Man's universe is the result of a choice made in the mind of the immense, unknowable, indefinable Prime Cause, out of whom came the gods, matter and life. Nothing exists which is not involved in its own cause. If thought exists in individuals, then thought must perforce be part of the cosmic principle from which they themselves came. There exists therefore a universal thought, a universal self-consciousness, and thus creation is not simply a chance matter, but the choice of a transcendant will which caused it to be as it is. All the elements which constitute the world are interdependent, and form part of the whole. There is no break or discontinuity in the Creator's work. The mineral, vegetable, animal and human worlds, as well as the subtle world of spirits and gods exist through and for each other. No true approach to, or seeking after, the divine, no knowledge, religion or mystery, can possibly exist which does not take into account this basic unity of the created world. From the beginning of time itself, we can see the appearance of this search, this thirst for knowledge, for an understanding of the nature of the world and the purpose of life, and thus the desire to draw closer to the Creator and to take refuge in him. In order to have any value, this search can accept no barriers or preconceptions and cannot ignore any aspect of beings or things. It traverses the most diverse civilizations, religions and ways of thinking, and inevitably puts them in question. The idea of the profound oneness of the creative thought and of all the aspects of creation is always present in man's consciousness, if only at a latent level. It only needs a messenger from the gods to awaken this consciousness and to remind us that the only way to happiness and self-realization is to cooperate wholeheartedly in the Creator's work, in the love and friendship which should unite plants, animals, men and the subtle world. It is not a question of 1 1