UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff VVeerrmmoonntt UUVVMM SScchhoollaarrWWoorrkkss UVM Honors College Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses 2018 RReevviivviinngg OOpphhiiddiiaa:: GGooddllyy SSeerrppeennttss iinn AAnncciieenntt EEggyyppttiiaann MMaaggiicc aanndd MMyytthhoollooggyy Ariadne Argyros The University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Argyros, Ariadne, "Reviving Ophidia: Godly Serpents in Ancient Egyptian Magic and Mythology" (2018). UVM Honors College Senior Theses. 234. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses/234 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Theses at UVM ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in UVM Honors College Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of UVM ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reviving Ophidia: Godly Serpents in Ancient Egyptian Magic and Mythology by Ariadne Argyros Supervised by Dr. John Franklin University of Vermont Department of Classics April 14th, 2018 Argyro s 2 Abstract In this thesis, I examine the positive and negative roles and representations of the serpent as it pertains to gods and goddesses in ancient Egyptian magic and myth. The evidence provides salient insight into the complex relationship that Egypt had with this creature, and revive an ancient appreciation for the serpent as more than something to fear and loathe. Since ancient peoples both dreaded and were filled with awe at the snake because of its murderous capabilities and apparent capacity for rejuvenation, they chose both to repel and revere them in daily life. This study provides a deeper understanding of the perception of these creatures based on textual and artistic depictions of snakes as associated with mythological stories, and with particular emphasis on Egyptian divinities. I shall describe snakes and serpent- associated deities primarily in the religious spheres of this culture and analyze them according to their protective and/or menacing roles. I have collected much of the available textual and material evidence that represents or bears serpents that relate to godly myths and magic. Key Terms amulet; chaos; healing; healing serpent; magic; magician; medicine; mythology; protection; protective serpent; serpent; snake Argyro s 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 List of Iconography ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 I. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 II. Fear and the Brain 2.0 The Fear Center ……………………………………………………………………………………… 10 2.1 Repulsion and Attraction ………………………………………………………………………… 12 III. Serpents as Symbols of Chaos 3.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………… 15 3.1 The Serpent as a Threat to Order …………………………………………………………… 16 3.2 Chaotic Entities ………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 3.2.1 Apophis ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 3.2.2 Set ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19 3.3 The Serpent as a Threat to Health…………………………………………………………… 24 3.4 Venomous Snakes and the Brooklyn Papyrus …………………………………………. 24 3.5 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 25 IV. Serpents in Healing 4.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………… 26 4.1 Defining Magic ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 26 4.2 Magic and Medicine ……………………………………………………………………………….. 27 4.3 The Brooklyn Papyrus …………………………………………………………………………….. 27 4.4 Exorcisms ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30 4.5 Priests, Magicians, and Physicians ………………………………………………………….. 31 4.6 Restorative Deities …………………………………………………………………………………. 32 4.6.1 Serqet ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32 4.6.2 Meretseger …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33 4.7 Healing Amulets ……………………………………………………………………………………… 35 4.7.1 Wedjat-eye …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35 4.7.2 Cippi ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35 4.8 Rejuvenation …………………………………………………………………………………………… 36 4.9 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37 Argyro s 4 V. Protective Serpents 5.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38 5.1 Protective Serpent Deities ……………………………………………………………………… 38 5.1.1 Mehen …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39 5.1.2 Nehebkau ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39 5.1.3 Renenutet ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 40 5.1.4 Wadjet …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 43 5.2 Protection in the Underworld ………………………………………………………………… 45 5.2.1 The Book of Gates …………………………………………………………………………………. 45 5.2.2 Serpent Boats ………………………………………………………………………………………… 47 5.3 Protective Amulets ………………………………………………………………………………… 49 5.3.1 Nehebkau amulets …………………………………………………………………………………. 49 5.3.2 Snake-head amulets ………………………………………………………………………………. 50 5.3.3 The Uraeus …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50 5.3.4 Lion amulets …………………………………………………………………………………………… 52 5.3.5 Bes amulets ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 52 5.3.6 Cippi ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53 5.3.7 An Egyptian medicinal charm …………………………………………………………………. 55 5.4 Protective Serpent Wands and Staffs …………………………………………………….. 56 5.5 Jewelry ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59 5.6 Ritualistic and Symbolic Activities ………………………………………………………….. 60 5.6.1 Execration ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 60 5.6.2 Ritual Ball Game …………………………………………………………………………………….. 62 5.6.3 The Mehen Game ………………………………………………………………………………….. 63 5.7 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63 VI. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65 Appendix ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67 References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90 Argyro s 5 List of Abbreviations BAAM = Bibliotheca Alexandrina Antiquities Museum BD = Book of the Dead BG = Book of Gates BM = Brooklyn Museum BSAE = British School of Archaeology in Egypt BRP = Bremner-Rhind Papyrus CT = Coffin Texts JHAM = Johns Hopkins Archaeological Museum MMA = Metropolitan Museum of Art PT = Pyramid Texts Argyro s 6 REFERENCES TO ICONOGRAPHY (see Appendix for pictures) II. Figure 1: Diagram of the Brain …………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Figure 2: Stimulus Process ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 III. Figure 3: Third Hour in the Book of Gates ……………………………………………………………….. 17 Figure 4: Set versus Apophis ……………………………………………………………………………………. 17 Figure 5: Ra cat slaying Apophis ………………………………………………………………………………. 18 Figure 6: Cat cutting up Apophis ……………………………………………………………………………… 18 Figure 7: serekh of Seth-Peribsen ……………………………………………………………………………. 20 Figure 8: serekh of Khasekhemwy ……………………………………………………………………………. 20 Figure 9: Seti I with set-animal ………………………………………………………………………………… 22 Figure 10: Horus and Set-animal………………………………………………………………………………… 22 IV. Figure 11: Meretseger on steal of Paneb ………………………………………………………………….. 34 Figure 12: Offering to Meretseger on ostracon …………………………………………………………. 34 Figure 13: Wedjat-eye amulet …………………………………………………………………………………… 35 Figure 14: Healing Cippus ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36 V. Figure 15: Mehen protecting Ra on his boat………………………………………………………………. 39 Figure 16: Mehen and entourage guarding Ra ………………………………………………………….. 39 Figure 17: Nehebkau with snake’s head and tail ……………………………………………………….. 40 Figure 18: Nehebkau …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40 Figure 19: Two-headed Nehebkau …………………………………………………………………………….. 40 Figure 20: Goddess in Tutankhamun’s mummy wrappings ……………………………………….. 40 Figure 21: Renenutet nursing an infant …………………………………………………………………….. 42 Figure 22: Renenutet and Thutmose IV …………………………………………………………………….. 42 Figure 23: Djeserkhara offers birds to Renenutet ……………………………………………………… 42 Figure 24: Kenamun worshipping Renenutet …………………………………………………………….. 42 Figure 25: Queen Tiy with uraeus crown …………………………………………………………………… 44 Figure 26: Akhenaten and Nefertiti …………………………………………………………………………… 44 Figure 27: Scarab and sun disc ………………………………………………………………………………….. 46 Figure 28: Serpent boat with crowned serpents ……………………………………………………….. 46 Figure 29: Boat of Nepr ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 47 Figure 30: Ra in his serpent boat ……………………………………………………………………………….. 48 Figure 31: Amulet of Nehebkau ………………………………………………………………………………… 50 Figure 32: Carnelian snake-headed amulet ……………………………………………………………….. 50 Figure 33: Cobra amulet in Tutankhamun’s mummy bandages …………………………………. 50 Figure 34: Uraeus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 51 Argyro s 7 Figure 35: Double uraeus with sun disk and wings ……………………………………………………. 51 Figure 36: Bes plaque ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52 Figure 37: Bes amulet ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52 Figure 38: Headrest with Bes ……………………………………………………………………………………. 52 Figure 39: Miniature cippus amulet ………………………………………………………………………….. 53 Figure 40: Metternich stela ………………………………………………………………………………………. 53 Figure 41: Priests holding serpent staffs in tomb of Sennefer …………………………………… 56 Figure 42: Serpent staffs before Sekhmet …………………………………………………………………. 56 Figure 43: Thoth holding serpent staffs in temple of Seti I ………………………………………… 56 Figure 44: Horus grasping serpent rods …………………………………………………………………….. 56 Figure 45: Scepter from the tomb of Rekhmire …………………………………………………………. 57 Figure 46: Copper cobra wand from Ramesseum ……………………………………………………… 57 Figure 47: Bastet figure …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57 Figure 48: A pair of bronze serpent wands ……………………………………………………………….. 57 Figure 49: Wooden serpent wands …………………………………………………………………………… 58 Figure 50: Ivory apotropaic wand ……………………………………………………………………………… 58 Figure 51: Inscribed magic wand ………………………………………………………………………………. 58 Figure 52: Roman period bracelet …………………………………………………………………………….. 59 Figure 53: Pectoral with falcons wearing solar uraei …………………………………………………. 59 Figure 54: Amuletic bangle ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 59 Figure 55: Limestone Mehen game board …………………………………………………………………. 63 Figure 56: Mehen game with game stones ……………………………………………………………….. 63 Figure 57: Game illustration from Rashepses’ tomb ………………………………………………….. 63 Argyro s 8 I. Introduction Snakes are generally perceived in enigmatic ways in modern society: perilous and to be avoided at all costs, or intriguing because of the air of danger and mystique that surrounds them. The response to this potential of death differs: as some people are curious and fascinated by being close to something that has the reputation of causing harm, while others stay far away. Although the ancient Egyptians experienced similar tenuous relationships with serpents, still they revered them as figures of protection and healing. This strongly indicates the importance and relevance of these creatures in the daily lives of this culture. The Egyptians probably used elements of nature to gain a sense of control over their hostile environment. The snake, an apex predator, clearly drew their attention. They feared this creature because of its uncanny ability to kill with such rapidity. Many Egyptian myths incorporated evil zoomorphic deities, and they went so far as to develop magical spells and protective amulets to deter the reptiles and protect the living and dead alike, as one finds in both the Pyramid Texts and the Book of the Dead. The Egyptians recognized the serpent as a deadly creature, but they also saw them as concomitant symbols of protection, healing, fertility, and immortality, as evidenced in various ancient texts and artifacts such as healing cippi, protective amulets, and the uraeus snake on the forefront of the pharaoh’s crown. The sense of fear that the snake evoked was an integral part of its appeal as a figure of protection. The ancient Egyptians utilized the serpent’s methods of self-preservation and transformed it into a symbol of defense and conservation through violence and death. Many divinities that the Egyptians revered were associated with serpents and possessed elements of protection, healing, and longevity, all of Argyro s 9 which suggests that the Egyptians did not perceive the snake as something only of which to be frightened. I analyze the positive and negative roles of this creature through an examination of anthropomorphic deities and deities with serpent aspects and associations within mythological texts and artwork. I explicate the ancient Egyptian mythologies of this creature to shed light on the serpent as a prominent and complex symbol that was vital to Egypt’s life view. This thesis illuminates ancient Egyptian attitudes toward the snake and further proves that serpent worship was based on more than fear. We cannot impose our modern beliefs and perceptions regarding snakes on the minds of the ancient Egyptians. We are from a different point in time and cannot assume that our views are identical. What we know about this ancient culture is based on what has been discovered and excavated so far. There are, of course, countless untouched sites that have yet to be located, meaning that there are gaps in our knowledge of the ancient record. Although we may never gain an entirely accurate view, we can try to piece the picture together based on the material remains that have survived.