CIS Assessment of the Status of Protected Areas in East Asia Compiled and edited by J. MacKinnon, Xie Yan, 1. Lysenko, S. Chape, I. May and C. Brown March 2005 m IUCN V 9> UNEP WCMC TheWorldConservationUnion Digitized by the Internet Archive in 20/10 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/gisassessmentofs05mack GIS Assessment of the Status of Protected Areas in East Asia Compiled and edited by J. MacKinnon, Xie Yan, I. Lysenko, S. Chape, I. May and C. Brown March 2005 UNEP-WCMC IUCN - The World Conservation Union The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, UNEP-WCMC, and IUCN concerning the legal status ofany country, territory, or area, or ofits authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers orboundaries. UNEP-WCMC or its collaborators have obtained base data from documented sources believed to be reliable and made all reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy ofthe data. UNEP-WCMC does not warrant the accuracy or reliability of the base data and excludes all conditions, warranties, undertakings and terms express or implied whether by statute, common law, trade usage, course of dealings or otherwise (including the fitness of the data for its intended use) to the fullest extent permitted by law. Theviews expressed inthis publication donotnecessarily reflectthose ofUNEP, UNEP-WCMC, and IUCN. Producedby: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre and IUCN, Gland, SwitzerlandandCambridge, UK IUCN Cffti UNEP WCMC TheWorldConservationUnion Copyright: ©2005 UNEPWorldConservation MonitoringCentre Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holderprovidedthe source is fullyacknowledged. Reproduction ofthis publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibitedwithoutpriorwrittenpermission ofthe copyrightholders. Citation: J. MacKinnon, Xie Yan, I. Lysenko, S. Chape, I. May andC. Brown (2005). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge UK, and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Cover image: Adapted fromasatellite imagecourtesy ofNASA Acknowledgements This review ofthe status ofthe protected areas ofEast Asia has been greatly assisted by the input of a number of individuals, including: Jargal Jamsramjav and Pragati Tuladhar, Chevenning scholars at UNEP-WCMC, and Dr Mark Spalding. BirdLife International kindly provided EBA and IBA data. Particular thanks are due to Dr Michael Abrams and Dr Gary Geller of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of NASA, who provided the satellite imagery used in this report. David Sheppard, Pedro Rosabal and Carolin Karnath ofthe IUCN Programme in Protected Areas provided support forthe project. Lastly, the project would not have been possible without financial support from the Government ofJapan. 1 Contents Acknowledgements i Acronyms and Abbreviations vii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Scope and Method 2 1.3 Limitations 2 1.4 Methodology 2 1.5 Datasets and Elements ofAnalysis 3 2. Overview ofEastAsian Region 7 2.1 Geographic Extent ofthe Region 7 2.2 Landform andGeography 7 2.3 Population and Economic indicators 7 2.4 Major Ecosystems 7 2.5 Biological Richness 9 2.6 Features ofSpecial Interest 9 2.7Zoogeographic Divisions 10 2.8Summary ofPA Development 1 2.9 International Sites 10 3. Review ofCountries and Territories 13 3.1 People's Republic ofChina 13 3.2 Hong Kong 22 3.3 Macau 26 3.4 Taiwan 26 3.5 Mongolia 29 3.6 Democratic People's Republic ofKorea 33 3.7 Republic ofKorea 35 3.8 Japan 38 4. GIS Analysis 43 4. National, Territorial and Administrative Boundaries 43 4.2 Altitude 43 4.3 Habitat Type 44 4.4 Ecoregions 46 4.5 Centres ofEndemism 55 4.6 Threatened Species 58 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 67 5.1 General Recommendations 68 5.2 Country and Territory-Specific Recommendations 69 5.3 Site-specifc Recommendations 72 5.4 Species-related Recommendations 72 5.5 TransfrontierConsiderations 74 7. References and Bibliography 76 in 1 Tables Table 1 : Major Habitats and Sub-habitats ofthe East Asian Region 8 Table 2 Biodiversity Richness in East Asian Countries and Territories 9 : Table 3: East Asian International Protected Sites 10 WWF Table 4: Ecoregions in China 13 Table 5: Key National Policies, Documents and Regulations in China 15 Table 6: Types ofNature Reserves in China 16 Table 7: Numbers, Categories and Size ofChina's PAs 21 Table 8: Numbers, Categories and Size ofHong Kong's PAs 23 WWF Table 9: Ecoregions in Taiwan 26 Table 10: Numbers, Categories and Size ofTaiwan's PAs 27 WWF Table 1 1 : Ecoregions in Mongolia 30 TTaabbllee 1123:: NWuWmbFerEsc,orCeagtieognosriiensDaPndRSKiozereoafMongolia's PAs 3330 Table 14: Numbers, Categories and Size ofDPR Korea PAs 33 WWF Table 15: Ecoregions in Republic ofKorea 35 Table 16: Numbers, Categories and Size ofRepublic ofKorea PAs 37 WWF Table 1 7: Ecoregions in Japan 39 Table 1 8: Numbers, Categories and Size ofJapan's PAs 40 Table 19: ProtectedArea Extent in East Asia 43 Table 20: Degree ofPA Extent at DifferentAltitudes in East Asia 44 TTaabbllee 2221:: DSiezgereaendofExPtAenEtxotfenPtAfoCroMvaejroorfHWabWitFatsEcionrEeagsitonAssiwaithin East Asia 4456 Table 23 WWF Ecoregions in East Asiawith less than 5% PA Cover 49 : WWF Table 24: China Biodiversity Divisions compared with Ecoregions 51 Table 25: Protected Area Coverage ofEndemic Bird Areas 56 Table 26: ProtectedArea Coverage ofEndemic Mammal Areas 57 Table 27: PA Coverage and Range ofThreatened and Endangered Bird Species 58 Table 28: Threatenedand Endangered Bird Species without Adequate Protection 61 Table 29: PA Coverage and Range ofChinese Endemic Mammals 62 Table 30: Relationship ofIBAs to PAs in East Asia 66 Table 3 1 : Recommended Categories forChina's Protected Area System 70 Figures Figure 1 : Satellite image ofthe East Asian Region 5 Figure 2: Growth in ProtectedArea Numberand Extent in East Asia 1900-2005 1 Figure 3 Protected Area System in China 17 : Figure 4: Satellite Images of 12 Protected Areas in China 19 Figure 5: Sectoral Responsibility for Protected Areas in China 21 Figure 6: Satellite image ofHong Kong and its Protected Areas 25 Figure 7: Satellite image ofTawushan Nature Preserve, Taiwan 29 Figure 8: Satellite image ofUvs Nuur Basin Strict Protected Area, Mongolia 32 Figure 9: Satellite image ofTadohae-Haesang Sea Marine NP, Republic ofKorea 37 Figure 10: Satellite images ofThree National Parks, Japan 42 Figure 1 1 : Protected Area Coverin EastAsiaat Various Altitude Ranges 44 Figure 12: Protection ofMajor Habitats in East Asia 45 Figure 1 3: Distribution ofCoastal and Marine ProtectedAreas in China 46 WWF Figure 14: Ecoregions Distribution by Extent ofProtection 49 Figure 15: China Biogeographic Units 51 Figure 16: China Biogeographic Units without Protected Areas 54 IV Figure 17: ImportantAreas forVertebrate Diversity andPAs in China 55 Figure 18: EBA Distribution by Extent ofProtection in East Asia 56 Figure 19: EMA Distribution by Extent ofProtection in EastAsia 58 Figure 20: Bird Species Distribution by Extent ofProtection 61 Figure 2 1 : Endemic Mammals ofChina Distribution by ExtentofProtection 64 Figure 22: Distribution ofSpecies not coveredby Protected Areas in China 65 Maps Map Major Ecosystems and Protected Areas Network in China 18 Map Protected Areas Network in Hong Kong 24 Map Major Ecosystems and Protected Areas Network in Taiwan 28 Map Major Ecosystems and Protected AreasNetwork in Mongolia 31 Map MajorEcosystems and Protected Areas Network in DPR Korea 34 Map MajorEcosystems and Protected Areas Network in Republic ofKorea 36 Map 7 Major Ecosystems and ProtectedAreas Network in Japan 41 : Annex 85 Map I: Reliefand Protected Areas Network in East Asia 87 Map II Major Ecosystems and ProtectedAreas Network in EastAsia 89 Map III:: Percentage ofWWF Ecoregions in East Asia Protected Areas 91 Map IV: Endemic BirdAreas and Protected Areas Network in East Asia 93 Map V: Endemic Mammal Areas and Protected Areas Network in East Asia 95 Map VI: Potential Areas for Protected AreaCooperation in East Asia 97 Abbreviations and Acronyms BCAP Biodiversity ConservationAction Plan CAS ChineseAcademy ofSciences CBD Conventionon Biological Diversity CCICED ChinaCouncil forInternational Cooperation in Environment andDevelopment CI Conservation International CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CSIS China Species Information System CoP ConferenceofParties DMZ DemilitarizedZone DPR Democratic People'sRepublic EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EBA Endemic Bird Area EMA Endemic Mammal Area GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global EnvironmentFacility GIS Geographic Information System GLC Global LandCover IAS Invasive Alien Species IBA Important BirdArea IM Indo-Malayan (in ecoregion codes) IRBM Integrated RiverBasinManagement IUCN WorldConservationUnion JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory km kilometre MAB ManandBiosphereProgramme MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MPA Marine ProtectedArea NASA NationalAeronauticsand Space Administration NGO Non-GovernmentOrganisation NP National Park NR Nature Reserve PA ProtectedArea/Palearctic (in ecoregional codes) SAR Special Administrative Region SEPA State Environment Protection Agency SFA State Forestry Administration SOA StateOceanic Administration SSC Species Survival Commission ofIUCN UNDP UnitedNations Development Programme UNEP UnitedNations EnvironmentProgramme UNESCO UnitedNations Educational Scientific andCultural Organisation WCMC WorldConservationMonitoringCentre WCPA WorldCommissiononProtectedAreas ofIUCN WDPA WorldDatabase onProtectedAreas WHC WorldHeritageConvention WWF Worldwide FundforNature/WordWildlife Fund