VIKING An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC 375 Hudson Street New York, New York 10014 penguin.com Copyright © 2017 by Charles Spence Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader. First published in Great Britain by Viking, an imprint of Penguin Random House UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Spence, Charles (Experimental psychologist), author. Title: Gastrophysics : the new science of eating / professor Charles Spence ; foreword by Heston Blumenthal. Description: [New York] : Viking, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2017020341 (print) | LCCN 2017021626 (ebook) | ISBN 9780735223486 (e-book) | ISBN 9780735223462 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Gastronomy. | Food—Sensory evaluation. | Dinners and dining. | Nutrition. Classification: LCC TX631 (e-book) | LCC TX631 .S679 2017 (print) | DDC 641.01/3—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020341 Version_1 To Norah Spence, who knew implicitly the value of a good education without ever having had the opportunity to have one. And Barbara Spence, who had to read more about the legendary F. T. than any loving wife should ever have to. Contents Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgments Foreword Amuse Bouche 1. Taste 2. Smell 3. Sight 4. Sound 5. Touch 6. The Atmospheric Meal 7. Social Dining 8. Airline Food 9. The Meal Remembered 10. The Personalized Meal 11. The Experiential Meal 12. Digital Dining 13. Back to the Futurists Notes Bibliography and Related Readings Illustration Credits Index Acknowledgments I would never have ended up in the world of gastrophysics if it hadn’t been for the enduring support and mentorship of Prof. Francis McGlone then at Unilever Research, for which I will always remain grateful. As will become clear from the main text, though, it was really the introduction to Heston Blumenthal by Tony Blake of Firmenich that led to my growing interest in gastronomy, rather than food science! In recent years, I owe an especial debt of gratitude to Rupert Ponsonby (R&R), Christophe Cauvy (then of JWT), and Steve Keller (iV Audio Branding) for having believed in the multisensory approach to gastrophysics and all things fun. To Prof. Barry Smith, for helping make the Baz ’n’ Chaz wine roadshow so enjoyable. Long may it continue! It has, though, really been the enthusiastic support and collaboration of the next generation of young chefs, including Jozef Youssef, of Kitchen Theory, and Charles Michel, Crossmodalist extraordinaire, that has made the latest gastrophysics research such fun to do. You will read about a number of their dishes and designs in the pages that follow. I would also like to thank the many chefs and culinary schools for their support, and opening up their kitchens and restaurants to the “Mad Professor”: I have been lucky enough to conduct gastrophysics research over the last fifteen years together with a number of world-leading chefs including Heston Blumenthal and all the team at The Fat Duck Research Kitchen and restaurant; Chef Sriram Aylur, Quilon, London; Chef Jesse Dunford Woods, Parlor, London; Ben Reade, Nordic Food Lab; Dominique Persoone, The Chocolate Line; Chef Albert Landgraf from Epice, São Paolo; Chef Xavier Gamez, of Xavier260, Porto Allegre, Brazil; Chef Andoni and Dani Lasa from Mugaritz, San Sebastián; Chef Joel Braham, of The Good Egg, London; Chef Debs Paquette, of Etch, Nashville; and not forgetting Chef Paul Fraemohs, of Somerville College, Oxford. I have also been lucky enough to conduct research together with Ferran Adrià’s Alicía Foundation in Spain, The Paul Bocuse Cookery School, Lyon, France, and Westminster Kingsway College, London. I would also like to thank Jelly & Gin, Blanch & Shock, Caroline Hobkinson, Sam Bompas, and all the students, past and present, who have done most of the research here at the Crossmodal Research Laboratory. Finally, I would like to thank Tony Conigliaro from 69 Colbrooke Row, London, Ryan Chetiyawardana, aka Mr. Lyan, Neil Perry (of Rockpool, Sydney), and Maxwell Colonna-Dashwood, of Colonna & Small’s, Bath. All masters of their art. And, finally, Fergus Henderson, for the memorable evening onstage at the Cheltenham Science Festival back in 2007 (along with a bucket of tripe oh so gallantly displayed by my vegan then graduate student, Maya Shankar). Foreword There was a time when—apart from the late, great Nicholas Kurti—scientists didn’t consider the science of food a serious or worthwhile subject for study. I’d talk with them, offering up theories based on what I’d observed and carefully tested in The Fat Duck kitchen, and get an indulgent smile that seemed to say, “You stick to cooking and let us get on with the rest.” Admittedly, chefs were no better, insisting that cooking had little to do with science, as though the eggs they were busy scrambling weren’t in fact undergoing the technical process of coagulation. Charles, though, wasn’t like this. One of his strengths is that he has a curiosity that crosses disciplines and, for all his scientific rigor, isn’t confined to a narrow academic viewpoint. Upon meeting him, I discovered that many of the ideas I was exploring in my kitchen, he was also exploring in his lab. And so, as you’ll see in this book, he and I began doing research together on how we react to the food we see, hear, smell, touch, and put in our mouths. We eat with our eyes, ears, nose, memory, imagination and our gut. Every human being has a relationship with food, some of it positive, some of it negative, but ultimately it’s all about emotion and feeling. To me, this is at the very heart of how we respond to food: much more than the tongue (which detects at least five tastes); more even than the nose (which detects countless aromas), it’s the conversation between our brain and our gut, mediated by our heart, that tells us whether we like a food or not. It’s the brain that governs our emotional response. It’s a hugely rewarding subject (and an essential one for us, as humans, to understand), but it’s undoubtedly a complex one, too. Charles is the perfect guide to introduce us to this world and to investigate with us—in a truly accessible, entertaining and informative way—how it works. On every page there are ideas to set you thinking and widen your horizons, from the notion that we all of us live in separate and completely different taste worlds, to questions like, “Is cutlery the best way to move the food from plate to mouth?” What I take away from Gastrophysics is that, as Charles says, in the mouth very little is as it seems. The pleasure we get from food depends, far more than we could possibly imagine, on our subjectivity—on our memories, associations and emotions. It’s a fascinating topic into which you can take your first steps through the door by reading Gastrophysics. Heston Blumenthal