List of abbreviations A1-AT Alpha-1 Antitrypsin AAA Anti-Actin Antibodies AASLD American Association for the Study of Liver Disease ACG American College of Gastroenterology ADA Adalimumab ADR Adenoma Detection Rate AFLP Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy AGA American Gastroenterology Association ALKP Alkaline Phosphatase ALT Alanine Aminotransferase AMA Antimitochondrial antibodies ANA Anti Nuclear Antibodies ANCA Anti Cytoplasmic Cell Antibodies Anti-LC1 Anti-Liver Cytosol 1 Anti-LKM Anti-Liver-Kidney Microsomal-1 Anti-SLA/LP Anti-Soluble Liver/Liver Pancreas Antigen APC Argon Plasma Coagulation ASMA Anti Smooth Muscle Antibody AST Aspartate Aminotransferase AVM Arterio Venous Malformation AZP Azathioprine BCG Bacille Calmette-Guérin BCS Budd-Chiari Syndrome BE Barrett's Esophagus B.i.d. Twice daily BMI Body Mass Index BPM Beats Per Minute BT Botulinum Toxin BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen C4 Complement Factor 4 CA 19-9 Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 CBC Complete Blood Count CBD Common Bile Duct CCK Cholecystokinin CCK-RF Cholecystokinin releasing factor CDI Clostridium Difficile Infection CE Capsule Endoscopy CEA Carcinoembryonic Antigen CFTR Cystic fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator CNS Central Nervous System CP Chronic Pancreatitis CPB Cricopharyngeal Bar CRC Colorectal Cancer CRP C-Reactive Protein CTP Child-Turcotte-Pugh Score CTRC Chymotrypsinogen C CVS Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome DCBE Double Contrast Barium Enema DES Diffuse Esophageal Spasm DF (Maddrey's) Discriminant Function DM Diabetes Mellitus DRE Digital Rectal Examination EATL Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma EGD Esophagogastroduodenoscopy EIA Enzyme Immunoassay EMR Endoscopic Mucosal Resection ENT Ear Nose Throat EoE Eosinophilic Esophagitis EOW Every Other Week ERCP Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ESWL Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy ETOH Alcohol EUS Endoscopic Ultrasound EVL Endoscopic Variceal Ligation FAP Familial Adenomatous Polyposis FD Functional Dyspepsia FIT Fecal Immunochemical Test FlexSig Flexible Sigmoidoscopy FOBT Fecal Occult Blood Test GB Gallbladder GEL Granulocyte Epithelial Lesion GEJ Gastroesophageal Junction GES Gastric Electrical Stimulation GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease GIST Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor HAART Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment HAV Hepatitis A Virus HBIG Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin HBV Hepatitis B Virus HCV Hepatitis C Virus HDL High Density Lipoprotein. HDV Hepatitis D Virus HELLP Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets HEV Hepatitis E Virus HHC Hereditary hemochromatosis HIDA scan Hydroxy Imino Diacetic Acid Scan HPF High Power Field HPS Hepatopulmonary Syndrome HPV Human Papilloma Virus IBD Inflammatory Bowel Disease IBS Irritable Bowel Syndrome ICP Intracranial Pressure ICC Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma IDA Iron Deficiency Anemia IDCP Idiopathic Duct-Centric Pancreatitis IHC Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma INF Interferon INH Isoniazid IPMN Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm IPVDs Intra Pulmonary Vascular Dilations IVF Intravenous Fluids JVP Jugular Venous Pressure LDLT Living Donor Liver Transplant LES Lower Esophageal Sphincter MALT Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue MC Microscopic colitis MCN Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm MELD Model for End Stage Liver Disease MMR Mismatch repair 6-MP 6- Mercaptopurine mTOR mammalian Target of Rapamycin NAFLD Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease NASH Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis NE Nutcracker Esophagus NET Neuroendocrine Tumors NSAIDS Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs NSBB Non Selective Beta Blockers OCP Oral Contraceptive Pill OGIB Obscure GI Bleeding OVB Oral Viscous Budesonide PAS Periodic Acid–Schiff PBC Primary Biliary Cirrhosis PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PD Pancreatic Duct PDGRA Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha PE Push Enteroscopy PEG Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy PEG-INF Peginterferon PEGJ Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrojejunostomy PEI Percutaneous Ethanol Injection POEM Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy PPH Portopulmonary Hypertension PPI Proton Pump Inhibitors PPM Parts Per Million PRBC Packed Red Blood Cells PRSS1 Protease Serine 1 PSC Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis PT Prothrombin Time PTC Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography PUD Peptic Ulcer Disease PVT Portal Vein Thrombosis Q.i.d. Four times daily Q.d. Once daily RBC Red Blood Cells RBV Ribavirin RCT Randomized Controlled Trial RFA Radiofrequency Ablation RUQ Right Upper Quadrant SAAG Serum Ascites Albumin Gradient SBE Small Bowel Enteroscopy SBS Short Bowel Syndrome SCT Stem Cell Transplantation SEER Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database SEMS Self Expandable Metal Stent SIBO Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth SMA Superior Mesenteric Artery SMV Superior Mesenteric Vein SOS Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome SPINK-1 Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 SPS Serrated Polyposis Syndrome T.i.d. Three times daily TACE Transarterial Chemoembolization TCA Tricyclic Antidepressant TI Terminal Ileum TIPS Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt TMP/SMX Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole TPN Total Parenteral Nutrition TB Tuberculosis UC Ulcerative Colitis ULN Upper Limit of Normal VHL Von Hippel–Lindau VIP Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ZES Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Chapter 1- Esophagus Introduction Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Treatment Refractory GERD Extraesophageal GERD Barrett's Esophagus Eosinophilic Esophagitis Cricopharyngeal bar Tumors of the esophagus Caustic ingestions Motility disorders of the esophagus Esophagitis in HIV References Introduction Esophageal disorders are common in clinical practice. They account for 10% of board questions. The main disorders are GERD, Barrett's esophagus, and achalasia. Eosinophilic esophagitis is relatively uncommon; however, it is increasing in incidence. There is an abundance of recent published literature as well as two recently published practice guidelines about eosinophilic esophagitis. New topics and concepts relating to the esophagus include Barrett's esophagus ablation techniques (cryotherapy and radiofrequency ablation), PPI responsive esophageal eosinophilia, classification of achalasia according to pressure topography, and per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). These are all described in this chapter. For the boards, high yield topics are pH monitoring, esophageal manometry, esophageal malignancy, and Barrett's esophagus.