Although the song is often the subject of monographs, one of its forms remains insufficiently researched: the vocalised song, communicated to the spectator through performance. The study of the song takes one back to the study of vocal practices, from aesthetic objects to forms and to plural styles. To conceive a song means approaching it Jean Nicolas De Surmont in its different instances of creation as well as its linguistic diversity. Jean Nicolas De Surmont proposes ways of research and analy- sis useful to musicians, musicologists, and literary critics alike. In his book he takes up the issue of vocal poetry in addition to examining D FROM e the theoretic aspects of song objects. Rather than offering an au- S u tonomous model of analysis, De Surmont extends the research fields r m and suggests responses to debates that have involved everyone in- o terested in vocal poetic forms. n VOCAL POETRY t TO SONG Jean nicolas De surmont is a researcher in F r metalexicography and the author of many o m books on the French and Quebec song. V Having graduated from Laval University o c (Québec) in literature and sociology, he a l P completed his PhD at Paris-X Nanterre. o He speaks at numerous conferences and e t r conventions around the world and has au- y t thored more than a hundred articles and o Towards a Theory of Song Objects S critical reviews published in more than thirty o n countries. He often collaborates with spe- g Photo: Noémie Kreitlow cialized magazines in music and history. With a foreword by Geoff Stahl ISBN: 978-3-8382-1092-6 ibidem ibidem Jean-Nicolas De Surmont From Vocal Poetry to Song Towards a Theory of Song Objects With a foreword by Geoff Stahl Translated by Anastasija Ropa Jean-Nicolas De Surmont FROM VOCAL POETRY TO SONG Towards a Theory of Song Objects With a foreword by Geoff Stahl Translated by Anastasija Ropa ibidem-Verlag Stuttgart Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Translation of: Vers une théorie des objets-chansons, Lyon, ENS éditions, 2010. ASBL La Porte Dorée (http://www.laportedoree.com). ISBN-13: 978-3-8382-7072-2 © ibidem-Verlag / ibidem Press Stuttgart, Germany 2017 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und elektronische Speicherformen sowie die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Table of Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................................... 7  Note to the reader ...................................................................................................... 17  Introduction ............................................................................................................... 21  Theoretical approaches ............................................................................................ 21  Conceptual movement ... opera in movimento ........................................................ 22  Denominative neology ............................................................................................................... 25  Learned and popular debate on the standards for the song ...................................... 28  Use of empirical vocabulary .................................................................................... 29  Chapter 1: Vocal poetry in mountains and dales ................................................... 33  Historical approaches ............................................................................................... 33  Subject of polysemiotic study .................................................................................. 35  Historical vision ....................................................................................................... 39  Performance ............................................................................................................. 42  Theme and style ....................................................................................................... 44  Creative process ....................................................................................................... 48  Song in a literary text ............................................................................................... 49  Status of text and status of music ............................................................................. 53  Chapter 2: Parallel linearities: Poetry and music .................................................. 59  Chapter 3: Componential mutations of the song object ........................................ 67  Determining the nature of song object ..................................................................... 67  Variation and hybridity ............................................................................................ 69  Folklorisation process: Notes for some concepts .................................................... 70  Neology, definition of song vocabulary and examples of song objects’ transformation .......................................................................................................... 75  Internal hybrid song ................................................................................................. 76  External hybrid song ................................................................................................ 76  External variation in textual components of a signed song ..................................... 77  External variation in musical components of a signed song ...................................................... 77  Polymorphous song .................................................................................................. 78  5 Signed folklorised song ............................................................................................ 79  Oralised signed song ................................................................................................ 79  Hybrid signed song .................................................................................................. 81  Literalised traditional song ...................................................................................... 83  Chapter 4: Popular song and its ‘popular’ epithet ................................................. 89  When popular renders the meaning of the song ...................................................... 90  Description in the Trésor de la langue française ..................................................... 90  Song of the street, street song .................................................................................. 92  ‘Popular’ song and Romanticism ............................................................................. 93  Discarding the concept of /coming from the people/ ............................................. 104  Popular music and popular song ............................................................................ 109  Chapter 5: Moral and aesthetic divisions ............................................................. 115  Distinction between music and text of lyrical poetry ............................................ 116  Good song and exacting song ................................................................................ 124  Paradoxical status of the song ................................................................................ 127  Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 133  Glossary .................................................................................................................... 137  Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 141  Index of names ......................................................................................................... 169  Index of notions........................................................................................................ 177  6 Foreword Geoff Stahl Media Studies Programme Victoria University of Wellington In his landmark work, Keywords (1976), Raymond Williams, the Marxist histo- rian and founding figure establishing the parameters of what would later be called “cul- tural studies,” notes that the word “popular” has layered as well as shifting meanings that continue to inform how it resonates for producers and consumers of popular cul- ture, its critics, and, of course, those who study it: Popular was being seen from the point of view of the people rather than from those seeking favour or power from them. Yet the earlier sense has not died. Popular culture was not identified by the people but by others, and it still carries two older senses: inferior kinds of work… and work deliberately setting out to win favour… as well as the more modern sense of well-liked by many people, with which of course, in many cases, the earlier senses overlap. The sense of popular culture as the culture actually made by people for themselves… relates, evidently, to Herder’s sense of Kultur des Volkes, 1C18, but what came through in English as folk-culture… is distinguishable from recent senses of popular culture as contemporary as well as historical. He continues: In (twentieth-century) popular song and popular art were characteristically shortened to pop, and the familiar range of senses, from unfavourable to favourable, gathered again around this. The shortening gave the word a lively informality but opened it, more easily, to a sense of the trivial. It is hard to say whether older senses of pop have become fused with this use: the common sense of a sudden lively movement, in many familiar and generally pleasing contexts, is certainly appropriate. (Williams, 1983: 237-238) Williams’ etymological efforts, which are genealogical and discursive simulta- neously, reminds us that the various meanings of “popular” have been parsed out over time such that previous meanings can be effaced and the semantic horizons narrowed, but those meanings may also persevere courtesy the accumulated residue picked up through the word’s movement through different historical moments and contexts of use, leaving it with an aura of ambiguity. Williams’ larger point, of course, is that there is power involved here, but that power is manifold: on the one hand, there is the power 7 8 JEAN-NICOLAS DE SURMONT to discriminate, primarily through the lens of criticism from on high informed by a deep immersion in terminologies, expertise and the ability to “discern” and thus deter- mine what’s good and bad; on the other hand, there is a social power that motivates and underpins what are often deemed to be “the popular’s” democratic intents and im- pulses. The popular gets mobilized, then, depending on how, where and why it gets deployed and to suit whatever means or ends. It is framing device as much as it is an entraining tool, in that it shapes taxonomies of good and bad, but also shores up the borders of the both the lay as well as the scholarly habitus, allowing us to adjudicate, advocate for and against, and to consolidate positions of discrimination and consecra- tion. For popular music scholars of any persuasion, this presents an interesting entry point in to the field, a gateway that has historically bifurcated along two main avenues: one musicological, one sociological. The consequences of this divide take hold at the level of epistemic regimes and institutional imperatives, and they extend to organiza- tional politics in the form of various associations which tend to divvy up along the differing and seemingly incommensurate methodologies, yet both of these are bound up in the politics surrounding notions of the popular and each has taken this notion as an axis upon which certain debates come to define themselves. While the division might be crudely imagined as text vs. context, with sociologists asking of the detailed exegetical feats of the musicologists “And…?, the musicologists demanding “Where’s the music?” of the sociologists. This is a facile caricature to make but it is not meant to be dismissive of either; rather, it is shorthand way that indicates how the differing ap- proaches to popular music studies get caught up in looking inwardly all too easily, at the expense of finding common ground. The more memorable moments in popular music studies are those where the differing perspectives come together. It is certainly the case, and we have an example of this in front of us here, that at various moments these avenues have merged to produce some foundational moments and enlivened de- bates across and within disciplines, most notably around how “the popular” gets framed in these respective approaches. Central to early formulations of how musicology might tackle the subject of pop- ular music as a serious object musicology’s hermeneutical gaze is found in the work of Philip Tagg. His longstanding investment in pointing to the blinders in traditional mu- sicology and developing a multifaceted toolkit for making sense of popular music is an FROM VOCAL POETRY TO SONG 9 important grounding for a musicology willing to grapple with the unique qualities of popular music as worthy object of study. In a seminal discussion regarding the im- portance of instituting a semiotic-based musicology of popular music, Tagg suggests: Explaining the nature, qualities and uses of this omnipresent music is an interdisciplinary task, involving everything from business studies to theology, from electronics and acoustics to semiotics and linguistics, not to mention sociology, anthropology, psychology and musicology…. It is with musicology that our problems start. The vast majority of music in our society falls under neither of the headings ‘art’ or ‘folk’ — the tradition- ally legitimate areas of serious music studies —, the only current terms available for denoting the music most used by most people being mesomusica or popular music. There is no room here to explain why, at least until quite recently, musicology has managed to ignore most of the music produced and used in the post-Edison era…, but it does seem that this discipline has had considerable difficulty in expanding its range of methodological tools (chiefly developed as a conceptual system for demonstrating the aesthetic superiority and mythologically supra-social, ‘eternal’ or ‘absolute’ quality of Central European art music styles) to deal with other music. (Tagg, 1987: 280) Tagg has consistently and forcefully presented the case for the musicological analysis of popular music as one that points to many of the weaknesses and blindspots of the discipline, particularly at a time, during the 80s, when cultural studies with its sociological and critical theory bent, was busy claiming popular music as a legitimate area and object of analysis. At the time, while musicology remained mired in the her- meneutical minutiae of classical and art music, other disciplines were leading the charge in finding ways to approach popular music as broadly as possible, and doing much to firm up the field of popular music studies along the way, often at the expense of any musicological input. As a way of prompting his musicology colleagues to ur- gently imagine an alternate world of musical notation outside the narrow realm of art music, and as a means of breaking out of the Euro-centric strictures of that system, Tagg offers a provocative footnote, listing examples that when considered in the sug- gested fashion, reveal the nuances and deeper complexities of popular music and at the same time the limits of a traditional musicology: Some empirical tests to prove this point: (a) try getting your average chorister to ‘swing’ a birhythmic Byrd madrigal properly when he/she structures passing music time with the help of bar lines; (b) transcribe a Hendrix solo, an Aretha Franklin vocal line or a Keith Richards guitar riff; (c) transcribe a kwela, a gamelan piece in slendro or any raga performance; (d) sight-read some Pandered or transcribe the music to any murder scene on television. Good luck! (Tagg, 282)