FROM PEASANT TO PETERSBURGER This page intentionally lefi blank From Peasant to Petersburger Evel G. Economakis Palgrave macmillan © Evel G. Economakis 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998978-0-333-73293-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-13558 To all those who left for St Petersburg and never returned, and to all those who arrived in St Petersburg and never left This page intentionally lefi blank Contents List of Tables viii Acknowledgements x Preface xi Introduction 1 1 A Forgotten Source: The Census of 1864 16 2 The Sending Areas: Basic Features of Early Labour Migration to St Petersburg 27 3 Peasant Well-being in the Sending Areas 51 4 Severing of Ties to the Land 83 5 Urbanization in St Petersburg 102 Conclusion 135 Notes 146 Bibliography 188 Index 210 vii List of Tables 1.1 Distribution of St Petersburg's inhabitants, by estate, 1869-1910 7 1.2 Distribution of St Petersburg inhabitants who belonged to the peasant estate, by province of passport registration 13 1.3 The peasant estate of St Petersburg, 1869 and 1910, by province of origin (per cent) 15 1.1 Male factory workers by province of birth, 1864 17 1.2 Proportions of total male peasant-estate inhabitants and proportions of total male factory workers, by place of birth, 1864 18 1.3 Occupational distribution by province of registration, 1864 (per cent) 20 1.4 Distribution of occupational categories of total inhabitants, by district of residence, with indication of proportion of women in each group, St Petersburg, 1864 (per cent) 21 1.5 District of residence, by province of origin, 1864 22 2.1 Occupations of Iaroslavl' otkhodniki, 1894-5 34 2.2 Occupations of Tver' otkhodniki, 1884-90 42 3.1 Variables affecting peasant well-being 54 3.2 Proportion of all peasants participating in labour migration and in local trades, 1900 55 3.3 Percentages of local wage-earning peasants working in industrial enterprises, 1900 63 3.4 Proportion of local peasants working in industry and agriculture, 1900 66 3.5 Noble land-ownership, 1862 and 1902, and peasant ownership of non-allotment land, 1905 68 3.6 Proportion of all private land owned by nobles, merchants and meshchane, and peasants, 1905 70 3.7 Distribution of peasant households by size of land-holding, late 19th century 75 3.8 Sowing of flax, 1901 79 4.1 Proportion of yearly male, female and family passports, 1896-1900 87 viii List of Tables ix 4.2 Fields under flax and allotment land belonging to absentee peasants, Pskov province, 1901 88 4.3 Repartitionally 'dead' communes in Pskov province 97 5.1 Proportion of total workers (311) for whom exemption from military service was requested by the Langenzipen factory in 1915 106 5.2 Year of entry of workers into textile and metal factories and proportion of workers born into working class and peasant families 110 5.3 Year of arrival in St Petersburg of peasants and meshchane 111 5.4 Time of arrival and settlement in St Petersburg of peasants from Tver' and Iaroslavl' provinces 112 5.5 Peasant-estate inhabitants born in St Petersburg and returning to the countryside during the year for field work, 1910 113 5.6 Peasant-estate inhabitants in St Petersburg, 1910 115 5.7 Young workers from Pskov, Tver' and Novgorod provinces working at the Pipe factory in 1900 and in 1912-14 119 5.8 Annual marriage rate in St Petersburg, 1900-13 125 5.9 Number of people employed in industry together with their dependants, as proportion of total population of each district, 1910 127 5.10 Number of marriages, 1898-1913, St Petersburg, Vyborg Sections I and II, and the three churches 129 5.11 Marriage patterns of workers from Pskov and Tver' (in per cent) 134 C.1 Distribution of St Petersburg factory workers by province of origin, 1907-14 136 C.2 Percentage of inhabitants living in St Petersburg in 1910, and percentage of factory workers, by province of origin (1907-14) 137