APPENDICES Contents APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF TRUCK FREIGHT MOVEMENT IN CONNECTICUT ............................................. 1 APPENDIX B: EMISSIONS INVENTORY ASSOCIATED WITH FREIGHT MOVEMENT ...................................... 22 APPENDIX C: FINDINGS OF INTERVIEWS WITH MOTOR CARRIERS, SHIPPERS, INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS, AND OTHER COMPANIES INVOLVED IN TRANSPORTING GOODS .............................................................. 62 APPENDIX D: ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY STRATEGIES ........................................................................ 70 APPENDIX E: SUMMARY OF VMT REDUCTION STRATEGIES ..................................................................... 100 APPENDIX F: PROFILE ON THE TRANSPORTATION USES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOLID WASTE AND PETROLEUM SECTORS WITHIN THE STATE, AND AN EVALUATION OF BACKHAUL CHALLENGES ............ 107 APPENDIX G: MODE SHIFT STRATEGY EVALUATION ................................................................................. 119 APPENDIX H: M-95 CORRODOR COALITION’S WATERSIDE PROJECT ....................................................... 128 APPENDIX I: SYSTEM EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS .................................................................................. 130 APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF TRUCK FREIGHT MOVEMENT IN CONNECTICUT de la Torre Klausmeier Consulting, Inc. Cambridge Systematics 1 This appendix characterizes the types of freight moved in Connecticut. On-road trucks move over 90% of the freight in Connecticut and accordingly are responsible for almost all the emissions associated with freight movement. Figure 1 Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) estimates shown in this summary are based on an analysis by Cambridge Systematics (CS) of Transearch and other datasets. Transearch is a commonly used database that provides estimated value and tonnage of goods moving between geographic origins and destinations in NAFTA markets by commodity and mode. CS estimated that in 2009 freight traffic was responsible for 3.7 million VMT per day in Connecticut1. Using Transearch freight projections, CS projected VMT in 2020 and 2040. This appendix first provides an overview of the VMT for freight transported in the State. Then, freight transport is broken down into four general types: inbound, outbound, local, and through. This summary highlights the following: VMT associated with transporting specific commodities Differences between state-level and county-level trends Predicted changes in movement to 2040 A glossary of terms, in addition to a reference table of the Standard Transportation Commodity Codes (STCC) with example goods provided for each category, are provided in appendices A.1 and A.2. 1 Total daily highway VMT in CT (all modes and all trip purposes) is 87 million miles. Heavy-duty diesel trucks, account for most of the 3.7 million VMT associated with freight movement. These vehicles have much higher NOx and PM emissions than passenger vehicles. As a result, freight movement accounts for a significant share of statewide NOx and PM emissions. According to the 2008 National Emissions Inventory, 44% of NOx and 57% of PM comes from on-road freight movement. 2 TOTAL FREIGHT Of the 3.7 million VMT per day attributed to freight movement in Connecticut in 2009, 53% consists of through freight. Inbound and outbound freight comprise 25% and 15%, respectively. With 6% of statewide VMT in 2009, local transport makes up the smallest share. Figure 2 displays freight VMT by origin/destination. The majority of freight movement in Connecticut occurs in Fairfield and New Haven counties. These counties account for 28% and 26% of the state VMT total, respectively. Hartford County comprises a 15% share of all freight and New London County accounts for 11% of the total. Aside from Tolland County with a 9% share, the remaining counties (Litchfield, Middlesex, and Windham) each cover less than 5%. Figure 3 presents the county shares. No major changes are expected among the division of freight among the counties from 2009 to 2040. Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 presents projections of freight by origin/destination, i.e., local, outbound, inbound, and through freight. Total freight VMT is estimated to grow by 88% from 2009 to 2040. Through freight shows the largest increase; it’s expected to increase by 103% from 2009 to 2040. 3 Figure 4 As represented in Figure 5 below, the distribution of freight movement varies by county. In New London and Tolland counties, 64% and 63% of the county VMT total, respectively, is through freight. Conversely, 40% of the freight movement in Hartford County is through transport, 13% less than the average statewide percentage. Counterbalancing this reduction, inbound freight accounts for 34% in Hartford County, 8% more than seen on a state level. With the smallest VMT share, Litchfield County has an anomalous balance in freight with 62% inbound and 3% through freight. Figure 5 4 Of all commodities transported in Connecticut in 2009, food products comprise the largest share of VMT with 19% of the statewide total. Secondary moves and chemicals/allied materials each have 13% of statewide VMT. Secondary moves represent traffic for which the actual commodity is not known. Most freight movement in the secondary moves category represents traffic associated with distribution centers and warehousing. Also included in secondary moves are the drayage portions of rail and air freight moves. Non-metallic minerals (such as sand and gravel), petroleum/coal and printed matter account for 5 to 9% of Connecticut’s total freight. The values for petroleum/coal do not include product moved by pipeline. Although not included in this graph, FHWA's 2007 Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) dataset indicates products transported by pipeline represent 3-4% of total tonnage. 27 commodities cover the remaining 35% of total freight-related VMT, including 12 with less than 1% share. Figure 6 presents a breakdown of all commodities in Connecticut (commodities with less than 1% each comprise the remaining 2% of the statewide VMT, cumulatively). Looking to 2040, food products maintain the largest VMT share with 18% in 2020 and 2040. A slight trade-off occurs as secondary moves grows 4% to 17% of the VMT share in 2040 and chemicals/allied materials falls 3% to 10%. Forecasts for transport of commodities are based primarily on the expected growth in employment in a particular industry. When a commodity is losing relative share against other commodities, the expected employment growth of the related industry lags behind the growth trend of other industries. Specifically, in the case of chemicals, employment in the aligned industries is expected to decline by nearly 3% on an average annual basis. Any other industry that has a positive rate of growth or even a lesser rate of decline will likely gain share against chemicals. Figure 7 presents trends predicted through 2040. 5 Figure 6 6 Figure 7 INBOUND FREIGHT Inbound freight accounts for 25% of the freight-related VMT in Connecticut. In 2009, the commodities most transported inbound are non-metallic minerals, secondary moves, and food products with 21%, 16%, and 14% of the state VMT total, respectively. Following these three commodities, which account for half of the total inbound freight, four additional commodities range between 5 to 8%: chemicals/allied materials, petroleum/coal, farm goods, and clay/concrete/glass/stone. The remaining 26 commodities account for less than 5% of the total VMT, including 16 commodities that account for less than 1% of the total. Figure 8 represents the top commodities classified in inbound freight. 7 Figure 8 73% of Connecticut’s total inbound VMT occurs in Fairfield, New Haven, and Hartford counties. Fairfield and New Haven counties have less transport of non-metallic minerals compared to the state, with 6% and 8%, respectively. These counties have a greater transport of secondary moves and food products ranging between 18% and 19%. Movement of non-metallic minerals is dominant in both Hartford and New London counties, with 39% and 36%, respectively. Much of the activity in this category is related to construction activity (buildings, roads, etc.) since it includes sand and gravel, so the higher percentages in those counties could reflect higher than average construction activity. Secondary moves comprise 29% of freight in New London County. In Tolland County, petroleum/coal accounts for 29% of the VMT. Figure 9 presents the share of the top commodities across all counties. Note: In the following chart and others presenting top commodities transported by county, the “Other” category is included so that each county’s data totals to 100%. “Other” is comprised of all remaining commodities. 8 Figure 9 When reviewing the predicted trends in Connecticut inbound freight transport for 2020 and 2040 (depicted in Figure 10), the same commodities appear with the largest percentages, but vary in their order and growth. Inbound freight of non-metallic minerals, which holds the largest share in 2009 at the state levels, only achieves a nominal 1% growth by 2020. VMT associated with non-metallic minerals increases by 19% between 2020 and 2040, but does not keep pace with other commodities, losing share from 21% in 2009 to 17% in 2020 and 15% in 2040. VMT associated with secondary moves is projected to grow faster than other categories with a 50% growth rate between 2009 and 2040. Accordingly, share of VMT for secondary moves increases to 19% in 2020 and 22% in 2040. Among other top commodities in 2009, the share for food products and petroleum/coal remains about the same in the future. The share for chemicals/allied materials stays about the same through 2020, but then drops for 2040. 9