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If you would like to participate in any of the McGraw-Hill research initiatives please contact us at [email protected] NINTH EDITION Essentials of Understanding Psychology Robert S. Feldman University of Massachusetts, Amherst TM TM Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999, 1996, 1993, 1990, 1987 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 ISBN: 978-0-07-338280-7 MHID: 0-07-338280-9 Vice President, Editorial:  M ichael   Ryan Art Manager:   Robin   Mouat Director, Editorial:   Beth   Mejia Art Director:   Preston   Thomas Publisher:   Michael   Sugarman Interior Designer:   Ellen   Pettengel Executive Editor:   Krista   Bettino Cover Designer:   Laurie   Entringer Development Editors:   Cara   Labell and Photo Manager:   Brian   J. Pecko Sue   Ewing Photo Researcher:   Toni   Michaels Editorial Coordinator:   Megan   Stotts Buyer II:   Tandra   Jorgensen Executive Marketing Manager:   Julia   Flohr Production Service:   The Left Coast Group, Inc. Marketing Manager:   Yasuko   Okada Composition:   9.5/12 Palatino by Aptara, Inc. Digital Product Manager:   Jay   Gubernick Printing:   45# New Era Thin by RR Donnelley Media Project Manager:   Thomas   Brierly & Sons Production Editor:   Anne   Fuzellier Cover image: ©Stockbyte/PunchStock Text Permission Coordinator: Marty Moga Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feldman, Robert S. (Robert Stephen), 1947– Essentials of understanding psychology / Robert S. Feldman.—9th ed. p. cm. An abbreviated version of the author’s Understanding psychology. 10th ed. c2011. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-338280-7 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-338280-9 (mhid : alk. paper) 1. Psychology—Textbooks. I. Feldman, Robert S. (Robert Stephen), 1947– Understanding psychology. II. Title. BF121.F34 2011b 150—dc22 2010031467 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com To Jon, Leigh, Alex, Josh, Julie, Sarah, and Kathy A bout the Author ROBERT S. FELDMAN is Professor of Psychology and Dean of the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. A recipient of the College Distinguished Teacher Award, he teaches psychology classes ranging in size from 15 to nearly 500 students. During the course of more than two decades as a college instructor, he has taught undergraduate and graduate courses at Mount Holyoke College, Wesleyan University, and Virginia Commonwealth University in addition to the University of Massachusetts. Professor Feldman, who initiated the Minority Mentoring Program at the University of Massachusetts, also has served as a Hewlett Teaching Fellow and Senior Online Teaching Fellow. He initiated distance learning courses in psychology at the University of Massachusetts. A Fellow of both the American Psychological Association and the Association for Psychological Science, Professor Feldman received a BA with High Honors from Wesleyan University and an MS and PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is a winner of a Fulbright Senior Research Scholar and Lecturer Award and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Wesleyan. He is on the Boards of the Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (FABBS) and the FABBS Foundation, which advocate for the fi eld of psychology. He has written and edited more than 150 books, book chapters, and scientifi c articles. He has edited Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Children,   Applications of Nonverbal Behavioral Theory and Research , Improving the First Year of College: Research and Practice, and co-edited F undamentals of Nonverbal Behavior . He is also author of Development Across the Life Span, Child Development, and P.O.W.E.R. Learning: Strategies for Success in College and Life. His books have been translated into many languages, including Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. His research interests include deception and honesty in everyday life, work that he described in The Liar in Your Life, a trade book published in 2009 . His research has been supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute on Disabilities and Rehabilitation Research. P rofessor Feldman loves music, is an enthusiastic pianist, and enjoys cooking and traveling. He has three children and a young grandson. He and his wife, a psycholo- gist, live in western Massachusetts in a home overlooking the Holyoke mountain range. vii Brief Contents Preface xxiii Introduction to Psychology 2 CHAPTER 1 MODULE 1 Psychologists at Work 5 MODULE 2 A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future 15 MODULE 3 Research in Psychology 26 MODULE 4 Research Challenges: Exploring the Process 40 Neuroscience and Behavior 48 CHAPTER 2 MODULE 5 Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior 51 MODULE 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating Within the Body 60 MODULE 7 The Brain 69 Sensation and Perception 86 CHAPTER 3 MODULE 8 Sensing the World Around Us 89 MODULE 9 Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye 94 MODULE 10 Hearing and the Other Senses 104 MODULE 11 Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World 116 States of Consciousness 128 CHAPTER 4 MODULE 12 Sleep and Dreams 131 MODULE 13 Hypnosis and Meditation 144 MODULE 14 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness 149 ix x Brief Contents Learning 162 CHAPTER 5 MODULE 15 Classical Conditioning 165 MODULE 16 Operant Conditioning 173 MODULE 17 Cognitive Approaches to Learning 188 Memory 196 CHAPTER 6 MODULE 18 The Foundations of Memory 199 MODULE 19 Recalling Long-Term Memories 212 MODULE 20 Forgetting: When Memory Fails 222 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 230 CHAPTER 7 MODULE 21 Thinking and Reasoning 233 MODULE 22 Language 249 MODULE 23 Intelligence 259 Motivation and Emotion 280 CHAPTER 8 MODULE 24 Explaining Motivation 283 MODULE 25 Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring 290 MODULE 26 Understanding Emotional Experiences 306 Development 318 CHAPTER 9 MODULE 27 Nature and Nurture, and Prenatal Development 321 MODULE 28 Infancy and Childhood 332 MODULE 29 Adolescence: Becoming an Adult 351 MODULE 30 Adulthood 362