DOCUMENT RESUME SE 059 569 ED 461 475 AUTHOR Wichmann, Sue, Ed. NEWTON'S APPLE 14th Season Teacher's Guide. TITLE National Science Teachers Association, Arlington, VA.; Twin INSTITUTION Cities Public Television, St. Paul, MN. SPONS AGENCY 3M, St. Paul, MN. PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 87p. AVAILABLE FROM Newton's Apple, 172 E. 4th Street, St. Paul, MN 55101 Classroom PUB TYPE Guides Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. Biology; Chemistry; Elementary Secondary Education; DESCRIPTORS Engineering; Geography; Hands on Science; Inquiry; *Interdisciplinary Approach; Rainforests; *Science Activities; Teaching Guides; Wetlands Newtons Apple IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT This guide was developed to help teachers use the 14th season of NEWTON'S APPLE in their classrooms and contains lessons formatted to follow the National Science Education Standards. The "Overview," "Main Activity," and "Try-This" sections were created with inquiry-based learning in mind. Each lesson page begins with "Getting Started," which contains a simple activity and a series of open-ended, inquiry-based questions to engage students. These activities are designed to gauge what the students know about the subject and to initiate discussion. Lessons include background information, interdisciplinary connections, resources, and hands-on activities. Also included is a Guide to Enjoying NEWTON'S APPLE at Home that encourages family participation in science education. Topics are as follows: (3) Tahiti Special which includes Sharks and (1) Spelunking; (2) Human Eye; Black Pearls; (6) Hypercoaster; (4) Riverboats; (5) Body Fat; (7) Nicotine; (10) Andes Special on Inca (9) Prosthetic Limbs; (8) Avalanche Rescue; (13) Rain Forest Special Engineering; (11) Ski Jumping; (12) Bee Stings; which includes Rain Forest Plants and Rain Forest Animals; (14) Olympic Solar (16) Malaria Tracking; (18) Post Office; Energy; (17) Clocks; (15) Soccer; (21) Bones; and (22) Water Special that includes (20) Ethanol; (19) Gems; Wetlands and Drinking Water. (JRH) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the ori inal document. U S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Offide of Educational Research and Improvement UCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as ed from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. PUBLIC TELEVISION'S FAMILY SCIENCE SHOW 2 PRODUCTION OF KTCA TWIN NEWTON'S APPLE Innovation IS A CITIES PUBLIC TELEVISION SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS AND IS MADE POSSIBLE BY GRANT FROM 3/1. A RFRT rnrov AVAII API 1 Greetings from 3M and NEWTON'S APPLE E) NEWTON'S APPLE continues to provide innovative, fun, and meaning- ful programming for young people. At 3M, we believe early exposure to science increases interest and appetite for learning, and helps foster appreciation for the importance of and opportunities in science. We're proud to sponsor the 14th season of NEWTON'S APPLE. An important aspect of 3M's sponsorship is our work with KTCA-TV and the National Science Teachers Association to produce these NEWTON'S APPLE classroom materials. These materials help bring to life the wonder of science and can instill greater curiosity about science, our world, and our future. EI LEEN GALINDO Actress and comedienne Eileen Galindo joins the NEWTON'S APPLE L.D. DeSimone team in its I4th season. Eileen travels to Switzerland to investigate how Chairman and rescuers find people buried in avalanches. She then goes to the Andes Chief Executive Officer mountains in Peru to learn how the ancient Incas used special beads called 3M quipus to communicate. In the Warehouse, Eileen learns the art of soccer from a physicist and she gets her hands on some very valuable gems. IJIJ DAVE HUDDLESTON The five-member NEVIVOKS Dave once again dives (literally!) into sticky situations to.help answer teom trovels the world over ond your science questions. In Tahiti, he straps on scuba gear and swims with sharks to find out how they breathe. In Peru, he explores the rain forest explores our bockyords to find out to discover some of its unique animals: leaf cutter ants, snakes, and frogs. Back home, Dave takes a thrilling ride with a letter to find out how the nu the onswers to science postal service handles so much mail! BRIAN HACKNEY questions. NEVIRON'S teom Brian's curiosity leads him to New Orleans, where he takes the helm of a members climb into coves, swim Mississippi River boat to find out how steam power keeps it moving. In Switzerland, he teams up with championship ski jumpers to show how with shah, plunge down one of they fly through the air. Back at the Warehouse, Brian explores why nicotine is so addictive. the country's lorgest roller coosters, DAVID HEI L leorn the secrets of the min forest After nine years with NEWTON'S APPLE, David's adventures continue ond the Andes mountoins, trock as he travels to the. Andes mountains of Peru to investigate how the ancient Incas built those huge stone structures without wheels, machines, mosquito infestotion ond molorio or iron tools. Then he catches up with some researchers in the Amazon to And out why tropical rain forests are so important to world climate incidence, follow o leiter through and health. SUCH IN PAK the postol service, ond more. In her second season with NEWTON'S APPLE, SuChin, now a college senior, investigates science in the world around usshe goes to Tahiti to dig up the story on black pearls. Then see if she STILL wants to get that tattoo after learning more about them from the Tahitian people, famed for their ornate body art. In the Warehouse, SuChin learns how popcorn gets its pop! 3 solk P's ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. E EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. Innovation NEWTON'S APPLE Is A PRODUCTION OF KICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. EFL MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Welcome to the NEWTON'S APPLE AFF,P,® v This guide was developed to help you use the 14th season of NEWTON'S APPLE in your classroom. Flew VecAuves The new NEWTON'S APPLE Teacher's Guide lessons are format- ted to follow the National Science Education Standards. The "Overview," "Main Activity," and "Try-This" sections have been created with inquiry-based learning in mind. Getting Sineted Each lesson page begins with "Getting Started," which contains a simple activity and a series of open-ended, inquiry-based questions to engage your students before you conduct the lesson or show the segment. These activities are designed to gauge what your students know about the subject and to initiate discussion. Uskg IIENYVOR9' 5 APPLE in The ,30cissv@ooTm NEWTON'S APPLE allows three-year, off-air record rights for Itey Concepts educational purposes. Tape the show, or have your resource cen- The "Key Words" section, previously listed on each lesson page, ter tape it, directly off the air and use it in the classroom as often has been consolidated in the center of the book, on durable card- as you like for three years. stock. "Key Concepts" words are highlighted on each lesson page for easy reference. The 14th season of NEWTON'S APPLE will air on most PBS stations beginning in October 1996 (check your local PBS listings Ve@Nves Vcmo've 13cnime 4© Depend Cloa for exact airdates and time). If you don't find NEWTON'S APPLE listed in your local TV guide or PBS viewer's guide, con- An index to the 14th season lesson pages and an index to tact your local PBS station to find out when the 14th season will the past three seasons of NEWTON'S APPLE. be airing in your area. A science subject index that gives you a quick overview of Public television stations depend on what they hear from viewers the science concepts presented in each 14th season lesson. to help make their programming decisions, and you, as an educa- tor, are one of public television's most important constituents. If Lessons, lessons, and more lessons (including background your public television station is not running NEWTON'S information, interdisciplinary connections, resources, APPLE, you must let them know that it is important to you and and hands-on activities) focused on the major your students. If your station is running the show, call them and topics explored in the 14th season. let them know how much you depend on it in the classroom. Hands-on "Science Try It" experiments and a "Street Smart" quiz. If you have any comments or questions, please write to: Director of Outreach & Promotion A "Guide to Enjoying NEWTON'S APPLE at Home" that NEWTON'S APPLE you can duplicate and send home with your students to 172 4TH ST E encourage family participation in science education. SAINT PAUL MN 55101 e-mail: [email protected] Our 14th season poster, with easy-to-photocopy activities for , NEWTON'S APPLE Teacher's Guides also are available the classroom on the back. 4 on the web at: http://ericir.syr.edu 04"s ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. E EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. Innovation NEWTON'S APPLE IS 0 PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. /Focusing on the Science Education Standards The NEWTON'S APPLE educational materials were developed to help teachers approach some of the goals of the new National Science Education Standards. The National Science Education Standards, recently published by the National Research Council, presents criteria to help state and local school personnel make decisions about every area of science education. From teaching and the quality of what students know to assessment practices and the system that supports teachers and programs, national standards bring coordination, consistency, and coherence to the improvement of every aspect of science education. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) applauds the release of the National Science Education Standards, and encourages science educators to put the Standards into practice in the classroom. The world's largest organization dedicat- ed to science education, NSTA has led the way in promoting the Standards with teacher institutes, awareness kits, and a Standards discussion area via the Internet. NSTA also has developed many publications to keep educators informed about the latest issues in science education, including a variety of resources for imple- menting the Standards. This year, NSTA presents its Pathways to the Science Standards, practical guide- books for bringing the standards to life in any school or classroom. Written by teachers for teachers, these books include examples, discussions, and demonstra- tions on how you can carry the vision of the Standardsfor teaching, profes- sional development, assessment, content, program, and systeminto the real world of the classroom and school. Pathways is also a tool for you to use in col- laborating with administrators, school boards, and other stakeholders in science education. Separate editions treat elementary, middle, and high school levels. NSTA's project on Scope, Sequence, and Coordination recently updated its High School Framework for National Science Education Standards to help teachers imple- ment the Standards within the SS&C model. A Framework for High School Science Education demonstrates how the content standards can be sequenced and inte- grated over the four years of high school. Integral to this publication is a series of "micro-units" that corresponds to the elements of the Framework's learning sequence. These micro-units consist of lab activities, readings, and assessment items that will help you put the national standards to work in your classroom. The Standards; elementary, middle level, and high school editions of Pathways; and the SSe-C High School Framework are available from NSTA. For a catalog and sales information, contact the NSTA Science Store at (800) 722-NSTA (6782) between the hours of 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. (EST). PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. Innovation ET_ NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Index to the 14th Season Lesson Pages There are two way to locate any of the 25 lessons in this guide: check out the ApEwilyNi alphabetically arranged subject index found on the inside back cover, or look through the numerically arranged show index on this page. Either way, once you've identified a topic you'd like to explore, look in the upper right-hand corner of each lesson page for the NEWTON'S APPLE show num- ber (e.g., 1401, 1402) that corresponds to that topic. We've also included in the same corner the segment's approximate running time. On the back of this page, you will find a guide to the past three seasons of NEW- TON'S APPLE. These episodes may be. rebroadcast on your local PBS station throughout the year, and we hope you will continue to use them in your classroom. H HOS 6 Malaria Tracking Avalanche Rescue Spelunking Clocks Prosthetic Limbs Human Eye H06 16 II II 6 0 2 II Post Office Andes Special Tahiti Special Inca Engineering Gems Sharks Black Pearls '0 6 0 7 II 6 II 2 Ethanol Ski Jumping 3 '0 6 Bones Bee Stings Riverboats Body Fat 11608 bfl 3 Rain Forest Special 16 0 6 H20 Special Rain Forest Plants Hypercoaster Wetlands Nicotine Rain Forest Animals Drinking Water H09 Olympic Solar Energy Soccer 01'"s WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. Lu EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. Innovation MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF ETCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. Index of Past Seasons SHOW 1109 NEWTON'S APPLE SHOW 1204 SHOW 1212 SHOW 1307 Ilth Season Firefighting Brain Mapping Printing Money Disney World Special Dairy Farm Garlic Gravity Simulator Rides Inventor's Fair SHOW 1101 Sunscreens Nature Labs Dolphin Rock Climbing Otters Tasmanian Devil Communication Taste Test SHOW 1213 Parade Technology Monty Hall SHOW 1110 SHOW 1205 Bridges Laser Show Bison Roundup Baby Bobcats Movie Dinosaurs Earthquakes Heart Attack Bread Chemistry Chromakey SHOW 1308 SHOW 1102 Dead Fingernails Scott Hamilton Grizzly Bear Hazardous Materials Chile Peppers Emergency Rescue Wallaby In-line Skating Black Holes Skin Wrinkling NEWTON'S APPLE SHOW 1111 Pizza Season SHOW 1206 Compost 13 t h The Bends Reindeer Movie Sound Effects Compact Discs Sun SHOW 1309 SHOW 1301 SHOW 1103 Michael York Globetrotters Human Slingshot Waterskiing Memory Wolves Hedgehog Ride Reflexes In vitro Fertilization Bone Marrow Escalator SHOW 1112 Goose Bumps SHOW 1207 King's Singers Fat-free Foods Hummingbird Garbage Dinosaur Extinction Rotting Foods Infrared Floods SHOW 1302 SHOW 1104 Shelley Duvall Blue Seas Circus High Wire SHOW 1310 Newspaper Polar Bears Siberian Tiger Wild Lion Vet Mummies Bomb Squad Bug Spray Bicycles SHOW 1113 Echoes SHOW 1208 Fish Breathing Armadillo Mt. Rushmore Mosquitoes Internet Insect Warfare Virtual Reality Antibiotics SHOW 1303 SHOW 1105 Candles Panning for Gold SHOW 1311 Maya Bike Trek Chimpanzees Jumbo Jets Taxidermy Hearing Equator Special Meteors Equator Parachutes Knuckle Crack SHOW 1209 NE-WTON'S APPLE Maasai Village Owls 12th Season Ethnobotany Paper Recycling Coffee Hubble Telescope Baby Elephants SHOW 1304 SHOW 1201 SHOW 1106 Inventor's Fair Africa Special Hang Gliding Windsurfing Komodo Dragons SHOW 1312 Balloon Safari Karate Permafrost Bird Songs Grasslands Robin Leach Tumbleweeds SHOW 1210 Ergonomics Maasai Mara Elephant Zebras Raptor Hospital Inventor's Fair Mara Animals Photography Scorpions SHOW 1202 SHOW 1107 Skipping Stones SHOW 1305 Arctic Expedition Spotted Owls Snakes SHOW 1313 Ice Surfing Special Carpal Tunnel DNA Fingerprinting Jungle Survival Sled Dogs Foggy Mirrors SHOW 1211 Bubble Gum Liver Arctic Travel Lizards Redwoods Emus Cold Remedies Life in Camp Electricity Arctic Weather SHOW 1108 Monuments _SHOW 1306 Archaeology Red Fox Aircraft Fire Rescue SHOW 1203 Mazes Balloons Aircraft Carrier Dolphins Knives Brain Science Home Videos Carrier Life PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. Ea Innovation NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS, MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Science Subject Index Here is an at-a-glance index of the science disciplines dealt with in the NEWTON'S APPLE lesson Scope, Sequence, and Coordination of pages, incorporating the National Science Teachers Association's Secondary School Science model. We've also listed some extended concepts. : % 44' 0 .(1,4 Additional N. -N- t, 4''' 4" 0 ,> 44 No u 6 Segmen ..t. ,o Applications 4k % :'"' <1' AI,' 43 C.P Avalanche Rescue ZOOLOGY r 4 0 5 1 Bee Stings (13) ZOOLOGY r 1 4 0 7 li (T:ii Black Pearls ZOOLOGY r 14 02 (: MEDICAL SCIENCE HEALTH Body Fat (Iiiiii r 14 0 FOOD/NUTRITION (71.1? 3 MEDICAL SCIENCE (:? HEALTH Ili Bones (:ti FOOD/NUTRITION r 1 4 2 1 Clocks HISTORY 1;iii ri-iii (7i0 ) r 1 4 0 1 ECOLOGY (:to Drinking Water :10 :1-Ii (:-I0 ENVIRONMENT r 1 li 4 3 1 ENVIRONMENT ECOLOGY Ethanol (:"10 (Iii (:ii) (:10 BOTANY 2 4 (' 1 1 Ili Gems GEOLOGY (:li 14 (:-I0 r- 1411 () Human Eye MEDICAL SCIENCE ( I 01 4 Hypercoaster ENGINEERING r :I-10 111-10 14 0 4 ENGINEERING HISTORY Inca Engineering :I.? :10 GEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY (:1-10 r 1 4 0 6 BOTANY GEOGRAPHY :10 Malaria Tracking Iii) :10 (1410 COMPUTER SCIENCE vk PBS USE. WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. Innovation MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF ETCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. Science Subject Index NEWTON'S PRE® wA t go" 0 Additionci Nt. % 4' k 45'- N 0 Seg mew 6 4l k. Applications Qt r" 440 k. 10 li MEDICAL SCIENCE Nicotine HEALTH SOCIAL STUDIES r 1 4 0 4 4 Olympic Solar Energy ENGINEERING :i0 :0 ''',0) ENVIRONMENT r 1 4 0 9 P ost Office ENGINEERING 110 COMPUTER SCIENCE r 1 4 1 1 4 40 Prosthetic Limbs ENGINEERING 110 MEDICAL SCIENCE r 1 4 0 5 4, Rain Forest Animals ZOOLOGY 40 10 4 ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT r 1 4 0 8 BOTANY Rain Forest Plants to FOOD/NUTRITIEOCNOLOGY r1 4 0 8 ENVIRONMENT HEALTH Riverboats 10 ENGINEERING 4 r 1 4 0 3 S harks ZOOLOGY 10 ENVIRONMENT r 1 4 0 2 Ito Ski Jumping ENGINEERING 10 4 PHYSICAL EDUCATION r 1 4 0 7 ENGINEERING Soccer PHYSICAL EDUCATION r 1 4 0 9 Spelunking ENGINEERING 4 110 lilio 110 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 4 0 I'. 1 1 4 Wetlands ECOLOGY BOTANY lio ENVIRONMENTAL r 1 4 3 1 9 PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 1;P Innovation NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS, MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. ITGEHrM How are caves formed? What are some characteristics of a cave environment? http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons DAVID STRAPS ON THE Over time, small caves can grow to become elabo- How can you "see" when the lights go out? Many SAFETY HARNESS TO GET animals in caves are blind because there is no rate systems of caverns containing large, needlelike THE LOWDOWN ON CAVES. light. How do they navigate? Set up your own structures that seem to grow down from the ceiling (stalactites) and up from the floor (stalagmites). "touch tunnel" to see if you can navigate a room SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:00 These structures are formed by the slow, steady obstacle course strictly by feel. Can your other 2@ocApNo accumulation of calcium carbonate precipitating senses help you find the way? from the chemical-rich water dripping off the (1994, APR) BUSH, L. stones. Sometimes, these two "dripstones" meet, Have you ever been inside a cave? How deep was CAVING BENEATH THE it? Could you see any light? What did it look like? creating large pillars with spectacular colors. TONGASS. BIOSCIENCE, PP. 215-218. What did it smell like? What did the walls feel Very few plants can grow in a cave because of the like? Was there any life in the cave? g LUDMAN, A. COCH, N. (1991) PHYSICAL GEOLOGY lack of light. Instead, fungi, algae, and even some (2ND ED). NEW YORK: simple mosses dominate caves. Insects, reptiles, How do you think caves are formed? Do you think MACMILLAN PUBLISHING CO. and bats also are uniquely adapted to the cave all caves are the same? How many different plants (1980) A GUIDE GURNEE, R. environment. One of the most unusual cave and animals do you think can live in caves? What TO AMERICAN CAVES. dwellers is the "cave fish." Totally blind, this col- are some differences between these plants and ani- ZEPHYRUS TEANECK, NJ: PRESS. orless creature navigates by touch, using tactile mals and those living outdoors? sensors on its body. STONE, W.C. (1995, SEPT) CAVE QUEST. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, PP. 78-93. Sometimes, so much solution takes place inside a ©u@vvill@vr cave that the caprock can no longer support the THE MAGIC READING RAINBOW: INSIDE THE Bus SCHOOL weight of the surface above. The roof caves in and Caves have long been regarded as places of mys- EARTH. GPN: (800) 228- a feature known as a sinkhole forms. Each year, tery and intrigue. Prehistoric people used them 4630. there are news stories about people returning for shelter and decorated them with some of the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY home from work to find a large hole in the earliest-known works of art. Pirates used them to 419 NATIONAL CENTER ground where their house once stood. By under- RESTON, VA 22092 hide their ill-gotten booty. By definition, a cave is standing the dynamics of what's happening inside simply a natural open space found underground. THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL a cave, scientists hope to minimize the risk of Sometimes caves form when large rocks get SOCIETY OPERATES IN MANY "GROTTOES" (CLUBS) sinkholes in populated areas. stacked up after a landslide, but most often they're AREAS WITH CAVES: the result of the chemical solution of limestone by http://www.caves.org/-nss/ nssabout/nssabout.html subsurface water. THE POTOMAC SPELEOLOGICAL GilH@Cq@NO CLUB WEB PAGE: In pure water, limestone is actually quite stable. http://www.intr.net/dskouts/ Since limestone dissolves in acidic water, how However, when water gets a little acidic, the lime- 1. psc.htm do you think increases in acid precipitation will stone dissolves. When water percolates through the affect the rate of sinkhole occurrences around the soil, it picks up carbon dioxide from rotting plants. world? What can be done to offset this? This forms carbonic acid, the same acid found in Areas of natural cave and sinkhole develop- 2. soda pop. As this acid water flows through the soil, NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO ment are said to have karst topography. What it eats away at the underlying limestone rock and a CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER special zoning and building codes have to be used cave is formed. Some larger caves are formed by INFORMATION ABOUT THIS in these areas to safeguard the structures? sulfuric acidthe same acid found in battery acid. AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK Sulfuric acid is created when the percolating water OUT OUR NEB SITE AT: mixes with hydrogen sulfide fromuinderground oil http://www.mnonline. org/ktca/newtons and gas and from acid rain. 11 PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEvELOPED WITH THE RATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. Innovation MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF RICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS,