DOCUMENT RESUME FL 026 828 ED 456 637 Minguez, Maria Luisa Garcia; Baidak, Nathalie; Harvey, AUTHOR Angelika Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe [and] Profile TITLE of...Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe. EURYDICE European Unit, Brussels (Belgium). INSTITUTION Commission of the European Communities, Brussels (Belgium). SPONS AGENCY Directorate-General for Education and Culture. ISBN-2-87116-311-1; ISBN-2-87116-314-6 ISBN 2001-00-00 PUB DATE 568p.; Written with Teresa Longo. Paul Holdsworth, European NOTE Commission, DG Education and Culture (Chapter 6). Part of European Year of Languages 2001. EURYDICE European Unit, Rue d'Arlon 15, B-1050 Brussels, AVAILABLE FROM Belgium. Tel: 32-02 2383011; Fax: 32-02 2306562; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.eurydice.org. Reports Numerical/Quantitative Data (110) Books (010) PUB TYPE Research (143) MF02/PC23 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE Curriculum Development; Elementary Secondary Education; DESCRIPTORS Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Instructional Development; Language Attitudes; *Language Maintenance; Language Minorities; *Language Teachers; *National Programs; *Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Teacher Education; Teacher Recruitment; Uncommonly Taught Languages Council of Europe (France); *Europe; European Union IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT This book is an appraisal of the teaching of foreign languages in the 29 European countries taking part in the Socrates program. It contains a detailed analysis of the way teaching is organized, the approaches and content of curricula, arrangements for the recruitment and training of teachers, and the initiatives developed within the education system to provide linguistic support to minority languages. It also provides historical perspective. The book is divided into an introduction and six chapters. The introduction includes a glossary and information on the background, scope, methodology, and structure of the study. Chapter titles include the following: "Language Support in a Multilingual Environment"; "Historical Background"; "Organisation of Teaching"; "Professional Qualifications and Training of Teachers"; "Foreign Language Curricula"; and "European Community Actions." There is also an annex, "National Summary Tables on Foreign Language Curricula." (Contains 33 references.) (KFT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe [and] Profile of...Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe Maria Luisa Garcia Minguez, Nathalie Baidak, and Angelika Harvey U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS CENTER (ERIC) BEEN GRANTED BY This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization De Lel originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve CI reproduction quafity TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 2 AVAILABLE BEST COPY - Directorate-General for Education and Culture Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe ottanguages eooi Zuropea0 ,o) "Mr European Commission 3 EURYDICE Eurydice Studies Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe Eurydice The Information Network on Education in Europe 4 This document is published by the Eurydice Ebropean Unit with the financial support of the European Commission (Directorate-General for Education and Culture). Available in German (Der Fremdsprachenunterricht an den Schulen in Europa), English (Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe) and French (L'enseignement des langues étrangères en milieu scolaire en Europe). D/2001/4008/1 ISBN 2-87116-311-1 This document is also available on the Internet (http://www.eurydice.org). Text completed in December 2000. Eurydice, 2001. The contents Of this publication may be reproduced in part, except for corrimercial purposes, provided that the extract is preceded by a complete reference to 'Eurydice, the information network on education in EurOpe', followed by the date of publication of the document. Requests for permission to reproduce the entire document must be made to the European Unit. Cover photograph: C) Photo: 2000 Stock Image, Benelux Press Bruxelles, Belgium. EURYDICE European Unit Rue d'Arlon 15 B-1050 Brussels Tel. (32-02) 238 30 11 Fax (32-02) 230 65 62 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.eurydice.org Printed in Belgium Preface PREFACE Following the lead given by the European Commission and the Council of Europe, 2001 has been declared the European Year of Languages. The year will be marked by an impressive series of events and initiatives which we hope will result in the increasingly active promotion of both foreign language teaching of the linguistic the characteristic diversity and Indeed, Europe. issue of languages is unquestionably at the heart of the development of a Europe synonymous with culture and citizenship. Furthermore, it has now been formally stated that the command of at least two foreign languages by the time young people complete school should be a cen- tral objective enabling all citizens to derive full benefit from their right to free movement and actively contribute to better mutual understanding among the peoples of Europe. From this standpoint, the comparative study carried out by Eurydice constitutes an original and excep- tionally rich appraisal of the teaching of foreign languages in the 29 countries taking part in the Socrates programme. It is both a timely and essential reference work on the subject, and I wish to express my warmest thanks to the Network for this vital contribution to improved mutual understand- ing between European countries on a topic attracting such strong common interest. This is, indeed, the most conpprehensive study on the teaching of foreign languages to have been completed hitherto at European level. It contains a detailed analysis of the way teaching in this area is organised, the approaches and content of curricula, arrangements for the training and recruitment of teachers and the ini- tiatives developed within education system to provide linguistic support to minority languages. The book is all the more valuable for placing in a historical perspective the many reforms carried, out in this area over a period of several decades. These changes bear witness to the steadily increasing importance attached by national poli- cies to the teaching of foreign languages. The account of actions undertaken at Community level since the launching of the Lingua programme is yet a further reminder of the Union's commitment in this field. The book thus provides a guide to the steadily increasing effort invested at all levels in the promotion of for- eign language learning. Special mention is made of the way in which pedagogical research is taken into account in approaches recommended in the curriculum, as well as the inclusion of languages among the com- pulsory subjects from the earliest years of primary school in many countries and the increased mobility of teach- ers towards countries speaking the language that they teach. However, further progress is still required to pre- vent the personal and professional development of each of us from being thwarted by linguistic barriers. In this respect, a few questions merit further consideration: what is required to ensure that the consis- tently strong preference among pupils for learning English, or even the status of English as the first com- pulsory foreign language, do not compromise preservation of the linguistic and cultural diversity of Europe? How is one to effectively overcome recurrent urgent problems relating to the recruitment of teachers skilled in languages? How can one be sure that recommended new teaching methods will really be put into practice in the classroom? These questions call for answers both in terms of the resources that should be earmarked for the in-service training of teachers and the adjustments 'that have to be made to the organisation of teaching as such. In this respect, Community action is essential. It is for this reason that the Commission will continue to encourage and support action by the Member States and ensure that the linguistic and cultural diver- sity of Europe remains one of its top priorities. Viviane Reding European Commissioner for Education and Culture January 2001 Contents CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 1. Background to the study 7 2. Scope of the study 8 3. Methodology 11 4. Structure of the study 12 Glossary 15 LANGUAGE SUPPORT IN A MULTILINGUAL ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER 1 21 Introduction 21 1. The role of language in the education system of countries with several state languages 24 2. The role of minority/regional languages in European education systems 25 3. Language support for children of foreign mother tongue 36 44 4. Language support for speakers of non-territorial languages 47 CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Introduction 47 1. Overview of major reforms 47 2. Main scope of reforms from the 1970s to the present day 58 3. Diagrams illustrating the organisation of foreign language teaching in 1974 and 1984 75 CHAPTER 3 ORGANISATION OF TEACHING 81 Introduction 81 1. The place of foreign languages in education systems 81 2. Range of languages offered in compulsory education 94 3. Time allocated to foreign language teaching 100 4. Standards as to number of pupils in foreign language classes 104 5. Special initiatives: exchanges between foreign language pupils 105 Annexes 107 0-4 Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe 113 PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS AND TRAINING OF TEACHERS CHAPTER 4 Introduction 113 1. Professional qualifications of foreign language teachers at primary level 113 2. Initial training of foreign language teachers 121 3. In-service training of foreign language teachers 136 Annex 145 149 CHAPTER 5 FOREIGN LANGUAGE CURRICULA Introduction 149 1. Methods of developing curricula 149 2. Key features of foreign language curricula 151 3. Analysis of the content of foreign language curricula 157 4.. Mechanisms for monitoring the application of the curricula 168 173 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ACTIONS CHAPTER 6 Introduction 173 1. Development of Community policy 173 2. Overview of Community actions 175 3. The Lingua actions in the Socrates programme 1995 179 1999 4. New initiatives to promote language learning 186 Annex 190 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 191 199 BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX: NATIONAL SUMMARY TABLES ON FOREIGN LANGUAGE CURRICULA 201 Introduction INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Europe is the meeting point for a variety of multicultural and multilingual societies, which are the prod- uct of its history and have enriched it and given it strength. This same diversity creates a special need for communication, mutual understanding and tolerance between peoples. The European institutions have always set much store by this inherent richness of Europe and felt it had to be respected by encouraging the preservation of the continent's many languages and cultures. Encouraging people to learn the languages that form part of Europe's cultural heritage has been an established objective of European cooperation in the field of education from the outset. In 1976, the Resolution of the Council and of the Ministers for Education included the aim of 'offering all pLipils the opportunity of learning at least one other Community language', also advocating that 'before qualify- ing as a foreign-language teacher a student should have spent a period in a country or region where the language he is to teach is spoken' (p. 4). Since then, there has been a succession of Community ini- tiatives in the field of teaching and learning foreign languages and the launching of the Lingua pro- gramme in 1989 reflects this sustained commitment. In .present-day Europe, the acquisition of language skills by European citizens has become a prerequi- site for full-fledged participation in the new professional and personal opportunities open to them. This priority is clearly stated in the 1995 European Commission White Paper on education and training, in relation to the following objectives (p. 69): 'Promote the learning of at least two Community foreign languages by all young people. Encourage innovatory language-teaching methods. Spread the daily use of European foreign languages in schools of all levels. Foster awareness of Community languages and cultures, and their early learning.' Fully aware of how important knowledge of foreign languages has become, the European Parliament and the Council, following a proposal by the European Commission, have declared that 2001 should be the 'European Year of Languages'. The initiative aims to 'raise awareness of the richness of linguis- tic and cultural diversity' and to extend the learning of foreign languages to a broader public 'as a key element in the personal and professional development of individuals'. (p. 3). The Year is organised in close cooperation with the Council of Europe which has also declared 2001 to be the 'European Year of Languages'. To date, however, the language proficiency level of young Europeans has not been subject to interna- tional assessment. The only data collected in this respect comes from Eurobarometer survey opinion polls ('). The April 2000 survey revealed that less than half of the citizens of the European Union claim to be able to hold a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue. The results of this opin- ion poll highlight the need to further encourage European citizens to learn foreign languages. Faced with the challenge of acquiring proficiency in foreign languages, European education systems have made every effort to respond to the wide variety of associated demands. All young Europeans Eurobarometer surveys are commissioned by the Directorate-General for Education and Culture of the European (1) Commission and have been conducted each spring and autumn since 1973. Foreign Language Teaching in Schools in Europe attend school and, for many of them, this is where they are most likely to acquire, linguistic skills. It is thus important to examine those aspects of the education system which are conducive to language pro- ficiency among children at school. In this respect, the methodological approaches of the curricula of European countries should be regarded as key elements. Prevailing teaching methods reflect the basic assumptions of one of the most prominent trends in foreign language teaching methodology, namely the communicative approach. Drawing on the work of authors such as S.D. Krashen, this approach is based on the premise that the strategies underlying acquisition of a foreign language are similar to those used in.learning the mother tongue. This means exposing learners to the target language through experiences (such as immersion) that are close to the natural context, and focusing on the meaning of what isbeing communicated rather than on its form. The approach was thus developed by giving priority to the ability to communi- cate. However, researchers have started to identify limitS.to this approach, which has left its imprint on the educational scene, and already refer to the 'post-communicative' era (2).. ImpleMentation of the teaching methods recommended by education authorities requires high stan- dards of competence from those most actively involved the teachers themselves. It therefore has an impact on the way initial and in-service teacher training is organised. The introduction of foreign -lan- guages at school at an increasingly early age also has to confront the issue of difficulty in recruiting teachers as a result of the rising demand for them which appears particularly acute in primary educa- tion The urgency and importance of these matters for policy-makers and administrators in the area of teacher training vary from one country to the next. To comply with the new requirements, adjustments need to be made to initial and in-service teacher training systems. The process depends on a number of factors, which vary in accordance with the history, culture and economic structures of the countries in question. 2. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The objective of thepresent study is to analyse of how foreign language teaching is Organised at school. The scope is, however, restricted to public and grant-aided private education. Private initiatives organ- ised outside the school system, such as language courses offered by enterprises, academies or local authorities, are not covered. The study focuses on teaching organisation, teacher training and recruitment, the conteht of curricula, support measures for minority languages and Community action's in the field of langUage teaching. LEVELS OF EDUCATION CONCERNED The information dealt with in this document covers the primary and the lower and upper general secondary education levels. However, parts of the study also deal with other levels of education. In this way, the Community actions described in Chapter 6 concern all levels of education, including ter- tiary education. The same applies to teacher training, in Chapter 4, where all education levels are cov- ered except the pre-primary level. To the extent that the school path is not always structured around three levels, the International Standard Classification for Education (ISCED) was used to facilitate comparisons between countries. For further information on successive trends in foreign language teaching methodology, cf. European C'ommission, 1997. (2) "