AD/A-000 821 ENGINEERING DESIGN HANDBOOK - MILITARY PYROTECHNICS SERIES. PART FOUR. DESIGN OF AMMUNITION FOR PYROTECHNIC EFFECTS Army Materiel Command Alexandria, Virginia 15 March 1974 (cid:127)'- DISTRIBUTED BY: I -------------------------------------------- ~. J. .* * - * . . . . . . N T nical uIr|maI Seve U.S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE B AMC PAMPHLET AMCP 706-188 ENGINEERING DESIGN 0 HANDBOOK MILITARY PYROTECHNICS SERIES Iii D DC PART FOUR NOV 1974 DESIGN OF AMMUNITION FOR PYROTECHNIC EFFECTS i,:Reprduced by .I - NATIONAL TECHNICAL Appu-,,e. r. ~INFORMATION SERVICE- • (cid:127).(cid:127) "U Deartmof(cid:127)n t Coint rco T , ,'pringfield VA 22151 . HEADQUARTERS, US ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND MARCH 1974 CORRE CTED CoPYy I MINTM ET OF TW AIIWt0 SW tmAmmwa Avo, e!"Maiiraj, V 20 AMC PANMWU. 14D. 706-188 15 March 1974 MILZTARY PYr n UIIXCS SE1.:-I FtPAr VIM, MSI(2Wl OF AMIITION FM TAME OF CWTM rau.,a,. Pgee r t LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .............. xii LIST OF TABLES ...................... xvii LIST OF SYMOOLS ..................... xix PREFACE ............................ xxvi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1-1 scope ................................ . -,. 1-2 Purpose ............................... 1-I 1-3 Role of Pyg cknicAmnmmnitioi ............ I- CHAPTER 2. BASIC PRINCIPLES SECTION 1. VISIBLE AND NONVISIBLE RADIATION 2-1 Illumiaatioa Propertins.....................2--I 2-1 .1; Intensity ............................ 2-1 2-1.2 Irightaeu ........................... 2-2 2- 1.3 Surface Hlwnination ................... 2-2 2-1.4 Contrast ............................ 2-2 2-2 Spectral Distribution ..................... 2-4 2-..: Discrete Spectra ....................... 2-4 4.2 S2 Continuous Spectra .................... 2-5 -2.3 Color Effects ........................ 2-5 - -3 Infrared and Ultravi let Radiation .......... 2-7 1(cid:127)-4 Transmission of Light .................... 2-9 "Reflection ........................... 2-9 -4.2 Absorption .......................... 2-9 - 4.3 Attenuation .......................... 2-10 SECTION i1. HEAT --5 Thermal Properties ...................... 2-10 tit &~ "~~-~A TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.) Paragraph Page 2 5 I Quantity of Heat ...................... 12-10 2-5.2 Temperature .......................... 2--0 2-5,3 Heat Capacity ........................ 2. -Il 2 5.4 Phase Changes ........................ 2.- il 2-5.5 Heats of Reaction ..................... 2- II 2 -6 Transfer otf Heat Energy .................. 2-11 2 .6.1 Conduction ........................... 2-Il "2 (1.2 Convection .......................... 2-12 2--6.3 Radiation ... ........................ 2-13 SECTION 111. SOUND 2 -7 Intensity ............................... 2-14 2 8 Wa velength ............................ 2-. 14 2-9 Effect of the Medium .................... 2--15 References ............................ 2- 17 CHAPTER 3. PYROTECHNIC TERMINAL EFFECTS SECTION 1. VISIBLE LIGHT 3 1 Illum ination ........................... . 3- 1. 3-1.1 Requirements ........................ 3--l 3 -1.2 Effect of Field Conditions .............. 3--I 3 1.3 Effect of Flare Height and Intensity ....... 3-5 3-- 1.4 Multiple Soure Illumination ............. 3-7 3-1.5 Flare Location ........................ 3-9 3 -1.o Estimates of Flare Size .................. 3-9 3 i .7 Typical Illuminating Candles ............ 3-11 3 -2 Signaling, Marking, and Warning ............ 3- 12 3 -2.1 Types of Device ...................... 3-12 3 2.2 Visibility Considerations ................ 3-14 3 -2.3 Height Considerations ............. .... 3-15 3 -2.4 Typical Devices ....................... 3- i o 3 3 Tracking .............................. 3- 17 3 4 Photography ........................... 3-18 3 -4.1 G eneral ............................. 3--18 3 4.2 Sensitive Films ........................ 3-18 3--4.3 Light Source Requirements .............. 3-19 3 --4.4 Synchronization ...................... 3-20 3--5 Sim ulation ............................ 3-21 SECTION I1. NONVISIBLE LIGHT 3-. 6 IR Radiation .................. ........ 3-21 3-.6.1 General ............................. 3-21 3--6.2 Con-iderations for IR Pyrotechnic Devices 3-22 . . I'I TABLE OF CONTENTS (Can't.) Paragraph Page 3--6.3 IRTargets ...................... .... 3-22 * 3-7 Tracking .............................. 3-22 3 -8 Photography ..................... ...... 3-23 3--8.I General ............................. 3-23 3 -8.2 IR Filh s ............................ 3-23 3-8.3 Light Sources ........................ 3-23 SECTION 111. SMOKE 3--9 Marking, Signaling, and Warning ............ 3-24 3 9.1 Physical Characteristics of Smoke ......... 3--24 3-9.1.1 Particle Size ................. 3-24 3-9.1.2 Visibility .......................... 3-25 3-9.1.3 Colored Smokes ..................... 3-27 3-9.1.4 Total Obscuring Power ............... 3--28 (cid:127) 3-9.2 Typical Devices ....................... 3-28 3-10 Tracking ............................... 3-31 "3-1 0.1 Use and Characteristics .................. 3 -31 3-10.2 Tracking Devices ...................... 3-32 3 -1I Screening .............................. 3-33 3--1I.1 Properties of Screening Smokes .......... 33-33 3-- 11.2 Smoke Generation ..................... 3- 35 3-11.2.1 Oil Smokes ........................ 3-35 . . 3--il 1Zinc Chloride Smokes ................ 3--36 3--I 1.2.3 White Phosphorus Smokes ............ 3-36 3-11.2.4 Liquid Smoke Agents ................ 3-38 3 -I 1.2.5 New Dev.lopments in Screening Smokes.. 3-40 3-- 12 Simulation ............................ 3-40 3-13 Riot Control ........................... 3-41 3-13.1 Smoke G-neration .................... 3-41 3-13.2 Formation of Dispersed Phase ............ 3-41 3- i.2.i Condensation Process ................. 3-41 3-13.2.2 Dispersion Process .................. 3-41 3-- 13.2.3 Combined Process .................. 3. -41 3--13.3 Devi:es ............................... 3--42 SECTION IV. HEAT AND GAS 3- 14 Igniters and Primers ...................... 3-43 3-14.1 Initiation .................... ....... 3-43 3--14.I.1 The Initiation Process ................ 3-43 3-14 1.2 Electric Initiators ................... 3-43 3- 14.1.3 Mechanical Initiation ................ 3-44 3-14.1.4 Input Requirements .................. . -44 3-14.2 Initiation of Pyrotechnic Delays .......... 3-44 3--14.2.1 Vented Delays ...................... 3-44 ii t! 1 AM(cid:127) ?IlNIM TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.) Paragraph PaPe 3 14.2.2 Obturated Delays .................... 3-45 3 -14.3 Igniters .. ........................... 3-45- 3 14.4 Ignition of Pyrotechnics ('ompared With That of Solid Propellants .............. 3-45 3- 15 Incendiaries ... .. .................. 3. -46 3-15.I Small Arms Incendiaries ................ 3.34- t 3-15.2 Incendiaries for Ground Application ...... 3-47 3- 15.3 Special Incendiary Devices .............. 3 48 3- Ib Batteries .............................. 3-50 3-- 16. 1 Battery Typfs and Requirements .......... 3-50 3 -- 16.2 Thermal Battery ...................... 3-51 3- 17 Gas Actuated Devices .................... 3-52 3-- 17.1 Typical Devices ....................... .3-52 3- 17.2 Mcthod of Operation .................. 3-53 3---18 Gas Producing Devices .................... 3-53 SECTION V. FUZING AND TIMING 3-19 Fuzes ................................. 3-56S 3- 19.1 Purpose of a Fuze ..................... 3-56 3--19.2 Timers for Fuze3 ....... ............. 3-56 3- 19.3 Environmental Sensors ................. 3-57 3-19.3.1 The Arming Environment ............. 3-57 3-1i 9.3.2 The Functioning Environment ......... 3-57 3-19.4 Input and Output ..................... 3-57 3-20 Fuses ................................ 3-58 3--21 Delays ................................ 3-60 3--21.1 Spate Limitations ..................... 3-60 3-21.2 Vented Delays ........................ 3-60 -)-21.3 Obturated Delays ...................... 3-61 ' - 21.4 I[klay Compositions .................... 3-62 3--21.4.1 Black Powder ...................... 3-62 3--21.4.2 Gasless Compositions ................ 3-62 3-21.5 System Design and Performance .......... 3-63 SECTION VI. OTHER EFFECTS 3 22 Sound ................................ 3-64 3-22.1 Use of Sound-producing Pyrotechnics ...... 3-65 3-22.1.1 Training of Troops and Observers ....... 3-65 3--,2.. 1.2 Decoy and Deception of Enemy Troops . 3-66 3-22.1.3 Warning and Signaling ................ 3-67 3-- 22.1.4 Military Protocol .................... 3-67 3-22.1.5 Sounding .......................... 3-67 3-22.2 Blast Effect .......................... 3-67 3- 22.3 Whistle Effect ... ..................... 3-6, iv - ------ - TABLE OF CONTENTS (Con't.) Paragraph Page 3--23 Luminescence .......................... 3-68 3-24 Ionization ............................. 3-69 3-- 24.1 Creation of Artificial Comet Tail .......... 3.-69 3-24.2 Study of Interplanetary Magnetic Field Lines ............................. 3--69 3-24.3 Production of Artificial Electron Clouds 3-70 3-24A4 Removal of Electrons front the Normal Ionosphere . .......... 3-70 3-24.5 Production of Vaporized Metals ............ 3-70 3-25 Destruct Elements ...................... 3-71 3-26 Weather Modification .................... 3-71 3- 26.1 Techniques of Producing Nuclei ........... 3-71 3 26.2 Burning AgI Complex With a Fuel ......... 3-72 3-26.3 Impregnated Wick Generator ............ .3-73 3--26.4 Pyrotechnic Type AgI Generators ...... 3-73 3-27 Combination of Effects .................. 3-74 References ............................ 3-74 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 4--1 intrbduction ........................... 4-1 4--!.I General ............................ 4-I 4- 1.2 Ballistic Matching ..................... 4 2 R; SECTION I. DELIVERY MODES AND DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 4-2 Delivery Modes ......................... 4-2 4-2.1 Tubes .............................. 4-2 4-22. 1. 1 Mortar............................. 4-2 4-2. 1.2 Recoilless Rifle ..................... 4-2 4-2.1.3 Gun and Howitzer .................. 4-3 4-2.1.4 Small Arms ........................ 4-4 4-2.2 Launchers ...... ...................... 4-4 4-2,.2.1 Rocket ............................ 4-4 4-2.2.2 Other ............................ 4-4 4-2.3 Aircraft Launched .................... 4-6 4-2,3.1 Bomb Release ...................... 4--6 4-2.3.2 Aerodynamic Heating ................ 4-7 4-2,3.3 Characteristics of Pyrotechnic Devices .... 4-8 4-2,4 Other Delivery Modes .................. 4-8 4-2.4.1 Ejector ............................ 4-8 4-2.4.2 Submarine Launched ................ 4-8 4-2.4.3 Manual............................ 4-9 4-3 Design Constraints ...................... 4--9 4-3.1 Performance Requirements .............. 4-9 v .. -.... TABLE OF CONTENTS (Can't.) Paragraph Pap 4 -3.1.1 Target and Terminal Ballistic Need... 4 9 4 -3.1.2 Environmental Aspects ............... 44- 10 4-3.1.3 Acceleration ......................... 4- II 4 3.1.4 Timing and Sequencing ............... 4 -12 4--3.2 Payload Configuration .................. 4- 13 4--3.2.1 Weight ............................ 4 -13 4 -3.2.2 Size .............................. 4 -13 4 -3.2.3 Geometry ......................... 4 13 4-3.3 Material Choices ........ ............... 4 - 13 4 -3.3.1 Compatibility ....................... 4 -13 4 3.3.2 Sealants .......................... 4 15 SE-CTION II. IGNITION AND BALLISTIC CONSIDE RATIONS 4 4 Ignition ............................... 4 16 4 -4.1 Ignition Frain .......................... 4 16 4 4.2 Methods of Initiation ................. 4 -It, 4 5 Interior Ballistics ........................ 4- 17 4 5.1 General ............................. 4- 17 4 5.2 Setback Forces ....................... 4 18 4 5.2.1 Stback in the Weapon ............... 4-- 1 4 S.2.2 Effects of Acceleration on Delay Elements ........................ 4 19 4 5.3 Spin Forces .............-- ........ . .. 4 -1L) 4 5.4 Combined Setback and Spin ............ 4 20 4 5.5 Example of I)sign Procedures ........ 4 21 4 5.5.1 Bearing Stress Between Base Plug and Projectile Body .................... 4 -22 4 55.2 Co.mbined Stress in the Projectile Bkdy .. 4-- 23 4 -5,5.3 force Required of the Ejection System 1 o Relea., the Base Plug ............ 4 -24 4 5. l!(cid:127),drodynanri Forces................... 4 25 4 5 7 F.olellant Charictristics. ................ 4 -25 4 5.7.1 ('rain (omnpo-Ksition ................... 4 -2o 4 5.7.2 G;rain Swe.......................... 4 2t) 4 5,7.3 (rain Configuration .................. 4 -26 4- 5.7.4 l)enity of Loading ................... 4 -26 4 6 Exterior Ballistics ...................... 4--27 4 o.1 General ....... ..................... 4-27 4- 6.2 Trajectories .......................... 4-27 4--6.3 Stability ............................ 4-- 29 4 6.4 Subprojectile Deployment .............. 4-30D 4 --7 Terminal Ballistic Considerations ............ 4-31 4-7.1 Payload Deployment .................. 4-31 4-7.1.1 Light Producing Payloads ........... 4-31 vi K - - - -- -- _ TABLE OF CONTENTS Won't.) Paragraph hq.p 4-- 7, 1-2 Smoke Producing Payloads ............ --33 4-7. Lt Chemical Agent and Smoke Producing Payloads ........ ........ 4-33 4 7.2 Flotation ............................ 4 33 4 8 Parachutes and Other Decelerators ........... 4 -3-4 4 -8 1 Parachutes ........................... 4-34 4--8, 1. 1 Parachute Tyros and Nomenilature ...... 4 34 4-8.1.2 Drag .....L. ....................... 4 -36 4-8 13 Canopy Loading .................... 4.- 37 4-8.1.4 Canopy Size ........................ 4-37 4 -8.i5 Variable Payload Weight .............. 4-39 4 -8,1.6 Stability ........................... 4 39 4 -8.1.7 Peak Force Limitations ............... 4-40 4-8.1.8 Reefing ................... 4- 40 4 8.1.9 Deployment Techniques .............. 4-40 4 8.1.10 Bulk and Weight ..................... 4 42 4-8.1.11 Typical Applications ..... ........... 44 42 4 -8,2 Balloons ............................ 4-43 4-8.3 Rigid Decelerators .................... 4 -43 4- 8.4 Dynamic Decelerators ................... 4-43 References ............................ 4-45 C(HAPTER 5, INSTRUMENTATION 5-I General ............. ................. 5--I 5-2 Transducers and Detectors .................. 5- 1 5 -2A General .............................. 5--I 5- 2,2 Piezoelectric Tranisducers ............... .5-1 5- 2.3 Magnetoelectric Transducers ............ 5- 2 5-2.4 Photovoltaic Transducers ................ 5-2 5-2.5 Thermal Electric Transducers ............ - .5--2 5- 2.6 Resistive Transducers .................. 5-2 5- 2,6., Thermoresistive Transducers ............ 5-3 5- 2.6.2 Mechanovariable Resistive Transducers .. - 5-3 5--2,6.3 Electrolytic Cells .................... 5-3 5-- 2.6.4 Photoresistive Ceils .................. 5-3 5 -2.7 Variable Capacitance .................. 5-3 5--2.8 Variable Inductance .................... 5-4 5 2.9 Photoemission ........................ 5-4 5 -2.10 Photographic Techniq.es ................ 5-4 5-3 Light Detectors ........................ 5-4 5-3,1 General Detectors of Light ............... 5-4 5-312 Thermal Detectors .................... 5-5 5- 3.3 Photon Detectors .................... ... 5-6 1 5--3.4 Cell Construction ..................... 5--7 5-3.5 Calibration .......................... 5-8 j vi. TMA E OF CONTENTS tWe(cid:127)%) 5 -4 Smoke Detectors......................... 3-4 5 -5 Heat Detectors .......................... 5--I0 S 6 Pnaufr Trnwndu r .................... 5 I 3.--7 S De tte ........................ s-oI 5-8 Signal ('Coditionmg amd Recoding .......... 5-13 S--8.1 General ('oditioning and Recording Equipment .................... S-13 S--9,2 Imag Convertee rs .................... 5-16 5-8.3 Meetee .............................. 5-16 S -8.4 Chart Recorders and OcillO gr.ip..s. . h 5--- 16 S-8.4.1 Light beam Galvanometer and Photo- senstive Paper (Osciloraph) ........ S-1? S--8.4.2 Electrodynam(cid:127)c Pen Motor Using Ink on Ordinary Chart Paper .............. S- 17 5--8.4.3 Hectoddmmic Pen Motor Using Temperuture Sensitive Paper ........ 5 -17 5-8.4.4 Potentiometer Recorder .............. S-I7 S--8.4.5 Sampling Recorder Using Electrosensitive Paper .......................... 5-I7 5 -8.4.6 Magnetic Tape Recorder ............. 5-I7 S -8.4.7 Cathode Ray OscillocoW ............. 5-18 5 -8.5 Time Measurement and Recording ........ 5--18 5-7? Systems .............................. 5-1 9 S-9.1 Geeral Aspects of Systems ................-- 19 5 -9.2 Field Systems ........................ 5-19 5-9.3 Laboi1'fory and Range Systems ........... 5- 20 References ........................... 5-20 CHAPTER 6. TESTING 6- I General Discussion ..................... 6-I 6-1.1 e Testing Piogram .................. 6-I 6-1.2 Kind 1 Tests ....................... 6-1 6-1.2.1 evelop,.ent Tests .................. 6-I ""51-. 2.2 EvaluationI ,tas. ................... 6-4 6-- 1.2.3 Service Tests ....................... 6-4 -, -- 1.2.4 Surveillance Tests ................... 6-4 6-1.2.5 Malfunction Tests ................... 6-4 6-1.2.b NATO Tests ........................ 6-5 6-2 Light ................................. 6-5 6-2.1 General ............................. 6-5 6--2.2 Laboratory Tests ...................... 6-5 6--2.3 Field Tests ........................... 6-7 6- 2.4 Color Measurement .................... 6-8 6 3 Smroke ................................ 6-9 6-3.1 General .............................. 6-9 viii