Table Of Content

FM 3-34.22 (FM 3-34.221, 5-7-30, 5-71-2, 5-71-3) ENGINEER OPERATIONS— BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM AND BELOW February 2009 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil). *FM 3-34.22 Field Manual Headquarters Department of the Army No.3-34.22 Washington, DC, 11 February 2009 Engineer Operations— Brigade Combat Team and Below Contents Page PREFACE ............................................................................................................. vi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO THE BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM .......................... 1-1 Requirements ..................................................................................................... 1-1 Capabilities ......................................................................................................... 1-3 Operations .......................................................................................................... 1-7 Chapter 2 INTEGRATION OF ENGINEER OPERATIONS ................................................ 2-1 Command and Control ....................................................................................... 2-1 Planning Considerations .................................................................................... 2-6 Geospatial Support ............................................................................................. 2-7 Parallel Planning ................................................................................................. 2-8 Planning Process ................................................................................................ 2-9 Assured Mobility ............................................................................................... 2-12 Mobility, Countermobility, and Survivability ...................................................... 2-13 Continuing Activities and Integrating Processes .............................................. 2-14 Project Management ........................................................................................ 2-19 Liaison Officer ................................................................................................... 2-19 Chapter 3 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE ................................................................................ 3-1 Operations .......................................................................................................... 3-1 Reconnaissance ................................................................................................. 3-2 Engineer Reconnaissance Team ....................................................................... 3-4 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 3-34.221, dated 7 January 2005; FM 5-7-30, dated 28 December 1994; FM 5-71-2, dated 28 June 1996; and FM 5-71-3, dated 4 October 1995. 11 February 2009 FM 3-34.22 i Contents Chapter 4 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO SECURITY OPERATIONS .................................... 4-1 Operations ........................................................................................................... 4-1 Screen Mission ................................................................................................... 4-3 Guard Mission ..................................................................................................... 4-3 Cover Mission ..................................................................................................... 4-5 Operational Area Security ................................................................................... 4-5 Route Security ..................................................................................................... 4-6 Convoy Security .................................................................................................. 4-7 Chapter 5 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO LETHAL AND NONLETHAL FIRES ..................... 5-1 Fire Support Planning and Coordination ............................................................. 5-1 Targeting Process ............................................................................................... 5-2 Chapter 6 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO COMBAT OPERATIONS ....................................... 6-1 Tactical Enabling Operations .............................................................................. 6-1 Offensive Operations .......................................................................................... 6-2 Forms of Maneuver ............................................................................................. 6-6 Defensive Operations ....................................................................................... 6-15 Urban Areas and Complex Terrain Considerations .......................................... 6-24 Focused Support to Other Units Within and Augmenting the Brigade Combat Team ................................................................................................................. 6-25 Chapter 7 STABILITY AND CIVIL SUPPORT OPERATIONS ........................................... 7-1 Stability Operations ............................................................................................. 7-1 Civil Support Operations ................................................................................... 7-10 Civil Affairs Operations ..................................................................................... 7-16 Chapter 8 SUSTAINMENT SUPPORT FOR ENGINEER OPERATIONS .......................... 8-1 Planning .............................................................................................................. 8-1 Brigade Combat Team Units and Functions ....................................................... 8-6 Engineer Leader Responsibilities ....................................................................... 8-7 Support Functions ............................................................................................. 8-11 Appendix A METRIC CONVERSION CHART ...................................................................... A-1 Appendix B SELECTED ENGINEER ORGANZIATIONS AND CAPABILITIES ................. B-1 Organic Engineers in the Brigade Combat Team .............................................. B-1 Augmenting Engineer Units ............................................................................... B-2 Appendix C COMBINED ARMS BREACHING OPERATIONS ............................................ C-1 Operations .......................................................................................................... C-1 Planning ........................................................................................................... C-22 Preparation ......................................................................................................... C-9 Execution ........................................................................................................... C-9 Appendix D CLEARING OPERATIONS ............................................................................... D-1 Operations .......................................................................................................... D-1 Units ................................................................................................................... D-1 Route Clearance ................................................................................................ D-4 Area Clearance ................................................................................................ D-11 Appendix E COMBINED ARMS GAP-CROSSING OPERATIONS ..................................... E-1 Types ................................................................................................................. E-1 ii FM 3-34.22 11 February 2009 Contents Planning .............................................................................................................. E-5 Phases of a Deliberate Gap Crossing ................................................................ E-6 Control Elements ................................................................................................ E-7 Appendix F ENGINEER RUNNING ESTIMATE .................................................................... F-1 Planning .............................................................................................................. F-1 Preparation and Execution ................................................................................. F-7 Appendix G ORDERS AND ANNEXES ................................................................................. G-1 Engineer Annex .................................................................................................. G-1 Engineer Unit Orders .......................................................................................... G-5 Appendix H URBAN OPERATIONS ...................................................................................... H-1 Operating in an Urban Environment ................................................................... H-1 Planning for Urban Operations ........................................................................... H-5 SOURCE NOTES .......................................................................... Source Notes-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1 INDEX .......................................................................................................... Index-1 Figures Figure 1-1. The primary relationships of engineer functions to warfighting functions ..... 1-9 Figure 1-2. BCT staff organization ................................................................................ 1-14 Figure 2-1. Typical BCT CP layout .................................................................................. 2-5 Figure 2-2. MDMP ........................................................................................................... 2-9 Figure 4-1. CAB conducting convoy security .................................................................. 4-8 Figure 5-1. FC in the BCT ............................................................................................... 5-2 Figure 6-1. Engineer support to an MTC ......................................................................... 6-5 Figure 6-2. Example of engineer support to a single envelopment ................................. 6-7 Figure 6-3. Example of a turning movement ................................................................... 6-9 Figure 6-4. Example of a frontal attack against a stationary enemy force .................... 6-10 Figure 6-5. Example of a penetration ............................................................................ 6-12 Figure 6-6. Example of an infiltration ............................................................................. 6-14 Figure 6-7. Obstacle effects .......................................................................................... 6-19 Figure 7-1. Civil support framework .............................................................................. 7-11 Figure 8-1. BSB and subordinate unit organizations....................................................... 8-7 Figure 8-2. BCT maintenance operations ..................................................................... 8-11 Figure B-1. BCTs and ACR structure .............................................................................. B-5 Figure B-2. Organic engineer staffs in BCTs and ACR ................................................... B-6 Figure B-3. Engineer company, HBCT ............................................................................ B-7 Figure B-4. Engineer company, IBCT ............................................................................. B-8 Figure B-5. Engineer company, SBCT ............................................................................ B-9 Figure B-6. Engineer company, ACR ............................................................................ B-10 11 February 2009 FM 3-34.22 iii Contents Figure B-7. Engineer battalion ...................................................................................... B-11 Figure B-8. Sapper company ........................................................................................ B-12 Figure B-9. MAC ........................................................................................................... B-13 Figure B-10. Clearance company ................................................................................. B-14 Figure B-11. Engineer support company ...................................................................... B-15 Figure B-12. MRBC ....................................................................................................... B-16 Figure B-13. Horizontal company ................................................................................. B-17 Figure B-14. Vertical company ...................................................................................... B-18 Figure B-15. EHCC ....................................................................................................... B-19 Figure B-16. Engineer hazards team ............................................................................ B-20 Figure B-17. Mine dog detachment headquarters ........................................................ B-21 Figure B-18. Mine dog squad ........................................................................................ B-22 Figure C-1. Reduction area, breach area, and point of breach ...................................... C-2 Figure C-2. Sample execution matrix ............................................................................. C-8 Figure D-1. Sample organization for a route-clearing operation .................................... D-5 Figure D-2. Sample contiguous clearance method ........................................................ D-7 Figure D-3. Sample combat clearance method .............................................................. D-8 Figure D-4. Sample clearance site layout ..................................................................... D-13 Figure D-5. Sample mechanical clearance method ...................................................... D-14 Figure D-6. Sample mine dog handler team clearance method ................................... D-14 Figure E-1. Type and categories of bridging ................................................................... E-3 Figure E-2. Sample deliberate gap crossing ................................................................... E-4 Figure E-3. Sample BCT crossing area overlay for a COA ............................................ E-6 Figure E-4. Overview of a deliberate gap crossing ......................................................... E-7 Figure E-5. Graphic control measures .......................................................................... E-10 Figure G-1. Engineer annex ............................................................................................ G-2 Figure G-2. Sample matrix and overlay .......................................................................... G-4 Figure G-3. Engineer unit OPORD ................................................................................. G-7 Figure G-4. Sample engineer execution matrix ............................................................ G-10 Figure H-1. UO fundamentals ......................................................................................... H-4 Tables Table 1-1. Baseline engineering units ............................................................................. 1-5 Table 1-2. Traditional engineer support capabilities ........................................................ 1-7 Table 2-1. Command and support relationships .............................................................. 2-2 Table 2-2. Engineer considerations in the MDMP ......................................................... 2-10 Table 2-3. Correlation of mission analysis and the engineer running estimate ............. 2-11 Table 5-1. MDMP targeting process ................................................................................ 5-3 Table 6-1. Enhanced technology impacts to defensive characteristics ......................... 6-16 iv FM 3-34.22 11 February 2009 Contents Table A-1. Metric conversion chart .................................................................................. A-1 Table C-1. Breaching tenets ............................................................................................ C-3 Table C-2. Relationship between breaching organization and breaching fundamentals ............................................................................................... C-5 Table D-1. Selected units involved in clearing operations .............................................. D-2 Table D-2. Elements of a route-clearing team ................................................................ D-6 Table D-3. Typical rate of march during sanitation operations ....................................... D-6 Table D-4. Selected planning considerations for route clearance .................................. D-9 Table E-1. Gap-crossing fundamentals ........................................................................... E-1 Table E-2. CP tasks ......................................................................................................... E-8 Table F-1. Weather effects .............................................................................................. F-3 Table F-2. IR in relation to METT-TC .............................................................................. F-7 Table H-1. Effects of an urban environment on warfighting functions ............................ H-2 Table H-2. Terrain analysis in areas using OAKOC........................................................ H-6 Table H-3. Civil considerations using ASCOPE .............................................................. H-7 11 February 2009 FM 3-34.22 v Preface The engineer support doctrine for the brigade combat team (BCT) is focused on tactical-level maneuvers. The engineer organizations organic to the BCT are optimized to perform combat engineering (primarily mobility with limited capabilities in countermobility and survivability) tasks with geospatial engineering support provided by the organic terrain teams. Additional engineering support (combat and general) comes from modular engineer organizations that are task-organized to the BCT or providing support from echelons above brigade (EAB) organizations. This manual is aligned with current BCT doctrine (see Field Manual [FM] 3- 90.6) and describes engineer support for the heavy brigade combat team (HBCT), infantry brigade combat team (IBCT), and Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT). Although the armored cavalry regiment (ACR) and its engineer company is not specifically addressed, the basic principles of this manual also apply to those organizations. This manual combines, updates, and supersedes material from the following four tactical-level engineer manuals: (cid:122) FM 3-34.221. (cid:122) FM 5-7-30. (cid:122) FM 5-71-2. (cid:122) FM 5-71-3. This manual is built directly on the doctrine contained in the following manuals: (cid:122) FM 3-0. (cid:122) FM 3-07. (cid:122) FM 3-34. (cid:122) FM 3-90. (cid:122) FM 3-90.5. (cid:122) FM 3-90.6. (cid:122) FM 3-90.61. (cid:122) FM 4-0. (cid:122) FM 5-0. (cid:122) FM 6-0. Given the magnitude of doctrinal changes in recent years, becoming familiar with these FMs is essential to effectively using this manual. This manual applies across the spectrum of conflict, from peacetime engagement to major combat operations. It is focused at the tactical level of war and meets the tactical commander’s engineer support requirements. It is the tactical engineer commander’s guide regarding the aspects of operations in support of the BCT and intended for use by brigade and below commanders and supporting staff (augmenting unit commanders, staffs supporting brigade and below maneuver organizations). This manual serves as a reference document for engineer commanders, staff, leaders, training developers, and doctrine developers throughout the Army. It is a primary manual for instructional purposes within the U.S. Army Engineer School (USAES) and assists other Army branch schools in teaching the integration of engineer capabilities into Army operations, since engineer involvement is a given for nearly every military operation. This manual includes guidance on integrating organic and augmenting engineer forces into BCT tactical plans, orders production, and mission execution. It incorporates the use of essential tasks for mobility, countermobility, and survivability (M/CM/S) in BCT operations and highlights the organic and likely engineer augmentation to the BCT as it operates across the spectrum of conflict. The chapters and appendixes in this manual are as follows: (cid:122) Chapter 1 describes engineer roles in support of the BCT and includes considerations for operating in the operational environment (OE). (cid:122) Chapter 2 focuses on the integration of engineer operations during planning and the command and control (C2) of engineer forces during execution. vi FM 3-34.22 11 February 2009 Preface (cid:122) Chapter 3 describes engineer support to operations and the integration of engineer reconnaissance. (cid:122) Chapter 4 focuses on the varying levels and types of engineer support for each form of security operations performed by the BCT. (cid:122) Chapter 5 describes the targeting process and engineer involvement in planning lethal and nonlethal fires in the BCT. (cid:122) Chapter 6 describes how the modular engineer force provides specialized capabilities to meet the needs of the BCT during offensive and defensive operations. (cid:122) Chapter 7 provides an overview of and discusses some of the associated engineer tasks and special considerations for each. (cid:122) Chapter 8 focuses on sustainment support for engineer operations within the BCT. (cid:122) Appendix A is a metric conversion chart that is included according to Army Regulation (AR) 25-30. (cid:122) Appendix B provides detail on the engineers organic to the BCT and ACR and highlights some of the likely modular engineer augmentation. (cid:122) Appendix C serves as a quick reference for leaders in performing breaching operations. (cid:122) Appendix D describes route and area clearance missions and provides leaders with some fundamental planning considerations. (cid:122) Appendix E highlights the fundamentals for conducting combined arms gap-crossing operations and serves as a quick-reference guide for planners. (cid:122) Appendix F provides detail on the engineer running estimate and how it supports planning, preparing for, and executing operations. (cid:122) Appendix G provides the format and instructions for producing the engineer annex and engineer company or battalion task force (TF) operation order (OPORD) that facilitates mission command. (cid:122) Appendix H describes urban operations (UO) and provides engineers with special considerations for operating in urbanized terrain. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) unless otherwise stated. Unless stated otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to men. The proponent for this manual is the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Send comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commander, U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center (MANSCEN), ATTN: ATZT- TDD, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 240, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929. Submit an electronic DA Form 2028 or comments and recommendations in DA Form 2028 format by e-mail to <[email protected]>. 11 February 2009 FM 3-34.22 vii Introduction This manual provides engineer doctrine for operating at the BCT and below and within the framework of full spectrum operations. Like FM 3-34, it describes engineer operations integrated through the warfighting functions in a combined arms application of combat power. This manual, however, provides greater detail for commanders and staff at brigade echelons and below to ensure synchronization of engineer capabilities throughout operations and across the spectrum of conflict and applied operational themes. This manual answers the question, “How to?” for engineers supporting the BCT. This manual supersedes four manuals and reflects the considerable changes that have occurred over the 13 years since their release. Many of the tactical tasks associated with combat and general engineering support have remained essentially constant, although the OE has dramatically shifted with new focused threats such as improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and the increased emphasis on stability operations. Another major change involves Army reorganization and restructuring to a modular force and the effects that this has on doctrine and operations. Changes that directly affect this manual include the— (cid:122) Replacement of battlefield operating systems with the warfighting functions and the subsequent splitting of the M/CM/S battlefield operating system between the movement and maneuver and protection warfighting functions. (cid:122) Maturation of the term “assured mobility” (see FM 3-34, chapter 3 and chapter 4). (cid:122) Restructuring of the engineer organizations within each of the three types of BCTs and the ACR. (cid:122) Formalization of a planning tool that supports the running estimate known as essential tasks for M/CM/S (see FM 3-34). (cid:122) Likelihood that the operations conducted will be joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational (see FM 3-0). The primary focus of joint engineer operations is to achieve the commander’s intent by coordinating engineer support throughout the joint area of operations (AO). All branches of Service possess the organic capability to conduct survivability operations. When available, Naval construction force (NCF) (Seabees), Air Force rapid engineers deployable heavy operations repair squadron, engineers (RED HORSE), and prime base engineer emergency force (Prime BEEF) organizations can greatly increase the breadth and depth of the effort (see JP 3-34). (cid:122) Alignment of engineer doctrine supporting FM 3-90.5 and FM 3-90.6. (cid:122) Formalization of support requirements to homeland security (HLS) (see FM 3-07 and JP 3-28). (cid:122) Frequency of contractors on the battlefield and their support for many of the survivability tasks associated with general engineering (see AR 715-9, FM 3-100.21, FM 100-10-2, and FMI 4-93.41). (cid:122) Resulting changes in the basic design and organizational structures and equipment of engineer organizations to support ongoing Army transformation. This manual includes the discussion of many items covered in greater depth in other engineer manuals that have been recently released or are currently being rewritten. These manuals include— (cid:122) FM 3-34. (cid:122) FM 3-34.170. (cid:122) FM 5-103. (cid:122) FM 3-34.400. (cid:122) FM 3-34.2 (cid:122) FM 3-90.12. viii FM 3-34.22 11 February 2009

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FM 3-34.22 (FM 3-34.221, 5-7-30, 5-71-2, 5-71-3) ENGINEER OPERATIONS— BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM AND BELOW February 2009 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil). *FM 3-34.22 Field Manual Headquarters Department of the Army No.3-34.22 Washington, DC, 11 February 2009 Engineer Operations— Brigade Combat Team and Below Contents Page PREFACE ............................................................................................................. vi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO THE BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM .......................... 1-1 Requirements ..................................................................................................... 1-1 Capabilities ......................................................................................................... 1-3 Operations .......................................................................................................... 1-7 Chapter 2 INTEGRATION OF ENGINEER OPERATIONS ................................................ 2-1 Command and Control ....................................................................................... 2-1 Planning Considerations .................................................................................... 2-6 Geospatial Support ............................................................................................. 2-7 Parallel Planning ................................................................................................. 2-8 Planning Process ................................................................................................ 2-9 Assured Mobility ............................................................................................... 2-12 Mobility, Countermobility, and Survivability ...................................................... 2-13 Continuing Activities and Integrating Processes .............................................. 2-14 Project Management ........................................................................................ 2-19 Liaison Officer ................................................................................................... 2-19 Chapter 3 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE ................................................................................ 3-1 Operations .......................................................................................................... 3-1 Reconnaissance ................................................................................................. 3-2 Engineer Reconnaissance Team ....................................................................... 3-4 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 3-34.221, dated 7 January 2005; FM 5-7-30, dated 28 December 1994; FM 5-71-2, dated 28 June 1996; and FM 5-71-3, dated 4 October 1995. 11 February 2009 FM 3-34.22 i Contents Chapter 4 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO SECURITY OPERATIONS .................................... 4-1 Operations ........................................................................................................... 4-1 Screen Mission ................................................................................................... 4-3 Guard Mission ..................................................................................................... 4-3 Cover Mission ..................................................................................................... 4-5 Operational Area Security ................................................................................... 4-5 Route Security ..................................................................................................... 4-6 Convoy Security .................................................................................................. 4-7 Chapter 5 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO LETHAL AND NONLETHAL FIRES ..................... 5-1 Fire Support Planning and Coordination ............................................................. 5-1 Targeting Process ............................................................................................... 5-2 Chapter 6 ENGINEER SUPPORT TO COMBAT OPERATIONS ....................................... 6-1 Tactical Enabling Operations .............................................................................. 6-1 Offensive Operations .......................................................................................... 6-2 Forms of Maneuver ............................................................................................. 6-6 Defensive Operations ....................................................................................... 6-15 Urban Areas and Complex Terrain Considerations .......................................... 6-24 Focused Support to Other Units Within and Augmenting the Brigade Combat Team ................................................................................................................. 6-25 Chapter 7 STABILITY AND CIVIL SUPPORT OPERATIONS ........................................... 7-1 Stability Operations ............................................................................................. 7-1 Civil Support Operations ................................................................................... 7-10 Civil Affairs Operations ..................................................................................... 7-16 Chapter 8 SUSTAINMENT SUPPORT FOR ENGINEER OPERATIONS .......................... 8-1 Planning .............................................................................................................. 8-1 Brigade Combat Team Units and Functions ....................................................... 8-6 Engineer Leader Responsibilities ....................................................................... 8-7 Support Functions ............................................................................................. 8-11 Appendix A METRIC CONVERSION CHART ...................................................................... A-1 Appendix B SELECTED ENGINEER ORGANZIATIONS AND CAPABILITIES ................. B-1 Organic Engineers in the Brigade Combat Team .............................................. B-1 Augmenting Engineer Units ............................................................................... B-2 Appendix C COMBINED ARMS BREACHING OPERATIONS ............................................ C-1 Operations .......................................................................................................... C-1 Planning ........................................................................................................... C-22 Preparation ......................................................................................................... C-9 Execution ........................................................................................................... C-9 Appendix D CLEARING OPERATIONS ............................................................................... D-1 Operations .......................................................................................................... D-1 Units ................................................................................................................... D-1 Route Clearance ................................................................................................ D-4 Area Clearance ................................................................................................ D-11 Appendix E COMBINED ARMS GAP-CROSSING OPERATIONS ..................................... E-1 Types ................................................................................................................. E-1 ii FM 3-34.22 11 February 2009 Contents Planning .............................................................................................................. E-5 Phases of a Deliberate Gap Crossing ................................................................ E-6 Control Elements ................................................................................................ E-7 Appendix F ENGINEER RUNNING ESTIMATE .................................................................... F-1 Planning .............................................................................................................. F-1 Preparation and Execution ................................................................................. F-7 Appendix G ORDERS AND ANNEXES ................................................................................. G-1 Engineer Annex .................................................................................................. G-1 Engineer Unit Orders .......................................................................................... G-5 Appendix H URBAN OPERATIONS ...................................................................................... H-1 Operating in an Urban Environment ................................................................... H-1 Planning for Urban Operations ........................................................................... H-5 SOURCE NOTES .......................................................................... Source Notes-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1 INDEX .......................................................................................................... Index-1 Figures Figure 1-1. The primary relationships of engineer functions to warfighting functions ..... 1-9 Figure 1-2. BCT staff organization ................................................................................ 1-14 Figure 2-1. Typical BCT CP layout .................................................................................. 2-5 Figure 2-2. MDMP ........................................................................................................... 2-9 Figure 4-1. CAB conducting convoy security .................................................................. 4-8 Figure 5-1. FC in the BCT ............................................................................................... 5-2 Figure 6-1. Engineer support to an MTC ......................................................................... 6-5 Figure 6-2. Example of engineer support to a single envelopment ................................. 6-7 Figure 6-3. Example of a turning movement ................................................................... 6-9 Figure 6-4. Example of a frontal attack against a stationary enemy force .................... 6-10 Figure 6-5. Example of a penetration ............................................................................ 6-12 Figure 6-6. Example of an infiltration ............................................................................. 6-14 Figure 6-7. Obstacle effects .......................................................................................... 6-19 Figure 7-1. Civil support framework .............................................................................. 7-11 Figure 8-1. BSB and subordinate unit organizations....................................................... 8-7 Figure 8-2. BCT maintenance operations ..................................................................... 8-11 Figure B-1. BCTs and ACR structure .............................................................................. B-5 Figure B-2. Organic engineer staffs in BCTs and ACR ................................................... B-6 Figure B-3. Engineer company, HBCT ............................................................................ B-7 Figure B-4. Engineer company, IBCT ............................................................................. B-8 Figure B-5. Engineer company, SBCT ............................................................................ B-9 Figure B-6. Engineer company, ACR ............................................................................ B-10 11 February 2009 FM 3-34.22 iii Contents Figure B-7. Engineer battalion ...................................................................................... B-11 Figure B-8. Sapper company ........................................................................................ B-12 Figure B-9. MAC ........................................................................................................... B-13 Figure B-10. Clearance company ................................................................................. B-14 Figure B-11. Engineer support company ...................................................................... B-15 Figure B-12. MRBC ....................................................................................................... B-16 Figure B-13. Horizontal company ................................................................................. B-17 Figure B-14. Vertical company ...................................................................................... B-18 Figure B-15. EHCC ....................................................................................................... B-19 Figure B-16. Engineer hazards team ............................................................................ B-20 Figure B-17. Mine dog detachment headquarters ........................................................ B-21 Figure B-18. Mine dog squad ........................................................................................ B-22 Figure C-1. Reduction area, breach area, and point of breach ...................................... C-2 Figure C-2. Sample execution matrix ............................................................................. C-8 Figure D-1. Sample organization for a route-clearing operation .................................... D-5 Figure D-2. Sample contiguous clearance method ........................................................ D-7 Figure D-3. Sample combat clearance method .............................................................. D-8 Figure D-4. Sample clearance site layout ..................................................................... D-13 Figure D-5. Sample mechanical clearance method ...................................................... D-14 Figure D-6. Sample mine dog handler team clearance method ................................... D-14 Figure E-1. Type and categories of bridging ................................................................... E-3 Figure E-2. Sample deliberate gap crossing ................................................................... E-4 Figure E-3. Sample BCT crossing area overlay for a COA ............................................ E-6 Figure E-4. Overview of a deliberate gap crossing ......................................................... E-7 Figure E-5. Graphic control measures .......................................................................... E-10 Figure G-1. Engineer annex ............................................................................................ G-2 Figure G-2. Sample matrix and overlay .......................................................................... G-4 Figure G-3. Engineer unit OPORD ................................................................................. G-7 Figure G-4. Sample engineer execution matrix ............................................................ G-10 Figure H-1. UO fundamentals ......................................................................................... H-4 Tables Table 1-1. Baseline engineering units ............................................................................. 1-5 Table 1-2. Traditional engineer support capabilities ........................................................ 1-7 Table 2-1. Command and support relationships .............................................................. 2-2 Table 2-2. Engineer considerations in the MDMP ......................................................... 2-10 Table 2-3. Correlation of mission analysis and the engineer running estimate ............. 2-11 Table 5-1. MDMP targeting process ................................................................................ 5-3 Table 6-1. Enhanced technology impacts to defensive characteristics ......................... 6-16 iv FM 3-34.22 11 February 2009 Contents Table A-1. Metric conversion chart .................................................................................. A-1 Table C-1. Breaching tenets ............................................................................................ C-3 Table C-2. Relationship between breaching organization and breaching fundamentals ............................................................................................... C-5 Table D-1. Selected units involved in clearing operations .............................................. D-2 Table D-2. Elements of a route-clearing team ................................................................ D-6 Table D-3. Typical rate of march during sanitation operations ....................................... D-6 Table D-4. Selected planning considerations for route clearance .................................. D-9 Table E-1. Gap-crossing fundamentals ........................................................................... E-1 Table E-2. CP tasks ......................................................................................................... E-8 Table F-1. Weather effects .............................................................................................. F-3 Table F-2. IR in relation to METT-TC .............................................................................. F-7 Table H-1. Effects of an urban environment on warfighting functions ............................ H-2 Table H-2. Terrain analysis in areas using OAKOC........................................................ H-6 Table H-3. Civil considerations using ASCOPE .............................................................. H-7 11 February 2009 FM 3-34.22 v Preface The engineer support doctrine for the brigade combat team (BCT) is focused on tactical-level maneuvers. The engineer organizations organic to the BCT are optimized to perform combat engineering (primarily mobility with limited capabilities in countermobility and survivability) tasks with geospatial engineering support provided by the organic terrain teams. Additional engineering support (combat and general) comes from modular engineer organizations that are task-organized to the BCT or providing support from echelons above brigade (EAB) organizations. This manual is aligned with current BCT doctrine (see Field Manual [FM] 3- 90.6) and describes engineer support for the heavy brigade combat team (HBCT), infantry brigade combat team (IBCT), and Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT). Although the armored cavalry regiment (ACR) and its engineer company is not specifically addressed, the basic principles of this manual also apply to those organizations. This manual combines, updates, and supersedes material from the following four tactical-level engineer manuals: (cid:122) FM 3-34.221. (cid:122) FM 5-7-30. (cid:122) FM 5-71-2. (cid:122) FM 5-71-3. This manual is built directly on the doctrine contained in the following manuals: (cid:122) FM 3-0. (cid:122) FM 3-07. (cid:122) FM 3-34. (cid:122) FM 3-90. (cid:122) FM 3-90.5. (cid:122) FM 3-90.6. (cid:122) FM 3-90.61. (cid:122) FM 4-0. (cid:122) FM 5-0. (cid:122) FM 6-0. Given the magnitude of doctrinal changes in recent years, becoming familiar with these FMs is essential to effectively using this manual. This manual applies across the spectrum of conflict, from peacetime engagement to major combat operations. It is focused at the tactical level of war and meets the tactical commander’s engineer support requirements. It is the tactical engineer commander’s guide regarding the aspects of operations in support of the BCT and intended for use by brigade and below commanders and supporting staff (augmenting unit commanders, staffs supporting brigade and below maneuver organizations). This manual serves as a reference document for engineer commanders, staff, leaders, training developers, and doctrine developers throughout the Army. It is a primary manual for instructional purposes within the U.S. Army Engineer School (USAES) and assists other Army branch schools in teaching the integration of engineer capabilities into Army operations, since engineer involvement is a given for nearly every military operation. This manual includes guidance on integrating organic and augmenting engineer forces into BCT tactical plans, orders production, and mission execution. It incorporates the use of essential tasks for mobility, countermobility, and survivability (M/CM/S) in BCT operations and highlights the organic and likely engineer augmentation to the BCT as it operates across the spectrum of conflict. The chapters and appendixes in this manual are as follows: (cid:122) Chapter 1 describes engineer roles in support of the BCT and includes considerations for operating in the operational environment (OE). (cid:122) Chapter 2 focuses on the integration of engineer operations during planning and the command and control (C2) of engineer forces during execution. vi FM 3-34.22 11 February 2009 Preface (cid:122) Chapter 3 describes engineer support to operations and the integration of engineer reconnaissance. (cid:122) Chapter 4 focuses on the varying levels and types of engineer support for each form of security operations performed by the BCT. (cid:122) Chapter 5 describes the targeting process and engineer involvement in planning lethal and nonlethal fires in the BCT. (cid:122) Chapter 6 describes how the modular engineer force provides specialized capabilities to meet the needs of the BCT during offensive and defensive operations. (cid:122) Chapter 7 provides an overview of and discusses some of the associated engineer tasks and special considerations for each. (cid:122) Chapter 8 focuses on sustainment support for engineer operations within the BCT. (cid:122) Appendix A is a metric conversion chart that is included according to Army Regulation (AR) 25-30. (cid:122) Appendix B provides detail on the engineers organic to the BCT and ACR and highlights some of the likely modular engineer augmentation. (cid:122) Appendix C serves as a quick reference for leaders in performing breaching operations. (cid:122) Appendix D describes route and area clearance missions and provides leaders with some fundamental planning considerations. (cid:122) Appendix E highlights the fundamentals for conducting combined arms gap-crossing operations and serves as a quick-reference guide for planners. (cid:122) Appendix F provides detail on the engineer running estimate and how it supports planning, preparing for, and executing operations. (cid:122) Appendix G provides the format and instructions for producing the engineer annex and engineer company or battalion task force (TF) operation order (OPORD) that facilitates mission command. (cid:122) Appendix H describes urban operations (UO) and provides engineers with special considerations for operating in urbanized terrain. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) unless otherwise stated. Unless stated otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to men. The proponent for this manual is the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Send comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commander, U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center (MANSCEN), ATTN: ATZT- TDD, 320 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 240, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8929. Submit an electronic DA Form 2028 or comments and recommendations in DA Form 2028 format by e-mail to <[email protected]>. 11 February 2009 FM 3-34.22 vii Introduction This manual provides engineer doctrine for operating at the BCT and below and within the framework of full spectrum operations. Like FM 3-34, it describes engineer operations integrated through the warfighting functions in a combined arms application of combat power. This manual, however, provides greater detail for commanders and staff at brigade echelons and below to ensure synchronization of engineer capabilities throughout operations and across the spectrum of conflict and applied operational themes. This manual answers the question, “How to?” for engineers supporting the BCT. This manual supersedes four manuals and reflects the considerable changes that have occurred over the 13 years since their release. Many of the tactical tasks associated with combat and general engineering support have remained essentially constant, although the OE has dramatically shifted with new focused threats such as improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and the increased emphasis on stability operations. Another major change involves Army reorganization and restructuring to a modular force and the effects that this has on doctrine and operations. Changes that directly affect this manual include the— (cid:122) Replacement of battlefield operating systems with the warfighting functions and the subsequent splitting of the M/CM/S battlefield operating system between the movement and maneuver and protection warfighting functions. (cid:122) Maturation of the term “assured mobility” (see FM 3-34, chapter 3 and chapter 4). (cid:122) Restructuring of the engineer organizations within each of the three types of BCTs and the ACR. (cid:122) Formalization of a planning tool that supports the running estimate known as essential tasks for M/CM/S (see FM 3-34). (cid:122) Likelihood that the operations conducted will be joint, interagency, intergovernmental, and multinational (see FM 3-0). The primary focus of joint engineer operations is to achieve the commander’s intent by coordinating engineer support throughout the joint area of operations (AO). All branches of Service possess the organic capability to conduct survivability operations. When available, Naval construction force (NCF) (Seabees), Air Force rapid engineers deployable heavy operations repair squadron, engineers (RED HORSE), and prime base engineer emergency force (Prime BEEF) organizations can greatly increase the breadth and depth of the effort (see JP 3-34). (cid:122) Alignment of engineer doctrine supporting FM 3-90.5 and FM 3-90.6. (cid:122) Formalization of support requirements to homeland security (HLS) (see FM 3-07 and JP 3-28). (cid:122) Frequency of contractors on the battlefield and their support for many of the survivability tasks associated with general engineering (see AR 715-9, FM 3-100.21, FM 100-10-2, and FMI 4-93.41). (cid:122) Resulting changes in the basic design and organizational structures and equipment of engineer organizations to support ongoing Army transformation. This manual includes the discussion of many items covered in greater depth in other engineer manuals that have been recently released or are currently being rewritten. These manuals include— (cid:122) FM 3-34. (cid:122) FM 3-34.170. (cid:122) FM 5-103. (cid:122) FM 3-34.400. (cid:122) FM 3-34.2 (cid:122) FM 3-90.12. viii FM 3-34.22 11 February 2009

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