EOR2.tpgsV15 4/1/05 11:25 AM Page 1 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F R E L I G I O N S E C O N D E D I T I O N EOR2.tpgsV15 4/1/05 11:25 AM Page 2 EOR2.tpgsV15 4/1/05 11:25 AM Page 3 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F R E L I G I O N 15 S E C O N D E D I T I O N APPENDIX LINDSAY JONES • EDITOR IN CHIEF SYNOPTIC OUTLINE • INDEX eorel_fmv15 2/14/05 9:45 AM Page iv Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition Lindsay Jones, Editor in Chief © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The For permission to use material from this Since this page cannot legibly accommodate Thomson Corporation. product, submit your request via Web at all copyright notices, the acknowledgments http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you constitute an extension of the copyright Thomson, Star Logo and Macmillan Reference may download our Permissions Request form notice. USA are trademarks and Gale is a registered and submit your request by fax or mail to: trademark used herein under license. 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Errors brought to the attention of the ALL RIGHTS RESERVED publisher and verified to the satisfaction of No part of this work covered by the copyright the publisher will be corrected in future hereon may be reproduced or used in any editions. form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, record- ing, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the writ- ten permission of the publisher. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Encyclopedia of religion / Lindsay Jones, editor in chief.— 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-02-865733-0 (SET HARDCOVER : ALK. PAPER)— ISBN 0-02-865734-9 (V. 1)— ISBN 0-02-865735-7 (v. 2)— ISBN 0-02-865736-5 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-02-865737-3 (v. 4) — ISBN 0-02-865738-1 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-02-865739-X (v. 6) — ISBN 0-02-865740-3 (v. 7) — ISBN 0-02-865741-1 (v. 8) — ISBN 0-02-865742-X (v. 9) — ISBN 0-02-865743-8 (v. 10) — ISBN 0-02-865980-5 (v. 11) — ISBN 0-02-865981-3 (v. 12) — ISBN 0-02-865982-1 (v. 13) — ISBN 0-02-865983-X (v. 14) — ISBN 0-02-865984-8 (v. 15) 1. RELIGION—ENCYCLOPEDIAS. I. JONES, LINDSAY, 1954- BL31.E46 2005 200’.3—dc22 2004017052 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-02-865997-X Contact your Thomson Gale representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 eorel_fmv15 2/14/05 9:45 AM Page v E D I TO R S A N D C O N S U LTA N T S EDITOR IN CHIEF Program in Religious Studies, SIGMA ANKRAVA LINDSAY JONES University of Wisconsin—Madison Professor, Department of Literary and Associate Professor, Department of CHARLES H. LONG Cultural Studies, Faculty of Modern Comparative Studies, Ohio State Professor of History of Religions, Languages, University of Latvia Baltic Religion and Slavic Religion University Emeritus, and Former Director of Research Center for Black Studies, DIANE APOSTOLOS-CAPPADONA BOARD MEMBERS University of California, Santa Barbara Center for Muslim–Christian DAVÍD CARRASCO MARY N. MACDONALD Understanding and Liberal Studies Neil Rudenstine Professor of Study of Program, Georgetown University Professor, History of Religions, Le Art and Religion Latin America, Divinity School and Moyne College (Syracuse, New York) Department of Anthropology, Harvard DIANE BELL DALE B. MARTIN University Professor of Anthropology and Women’s Professor of Religious Studies, and Studies, George Washington University GIOVANNI CASADIO Chair, Department of Religious Australian Indigenous Religions Professor of History of Religions, Studies, Yale University KEESW. BOLLE Dipartimento di Scienze AZIM NANJI Professor Emeritus of History, dell’Antichità, Università degli Studi Professor and Director, The Institute University of California, Los Angeles, di Salerno of Ismaili Studies, London and Fellow, Netherlands Institute for WENDY DONIGER JACOB OLUPONA Advanced Studies in the Humanities Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor, African American and and Social Sciences Professor of the History of Religions, African Studies Program, University History of Religions University of Chicago of California, Davis MARK CSIKSZENTMIHALYI GARY L. EBERSOLE MICHAEL SWARTZ Associate Professor in the Department Professor of History and Religious Professor of Hebrew and Religious of East Asian Languages and Studies, and Director, UMKC Center Studies, Ohio State University Literature and the Program in Religious Studies, University of for Religious Studies, University of INÉSTALAMANTEZ Wisconsin—Madison Missouri—Kansas City Associate Professor, Religious Studies Chinese Religions Department, University of California, JANET GYATSO Santa Barbara RICHARD A. GARDNER Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies, Faculty of Comparative Culture, The Divinity School, Harvard Sophia University CONSULTANTS University Humor and Religion GREGORY D. ALLES CHARLES HALLISEY Associate Professor of Religious Studies, JOHN A. GRIM Associate Professor, Department of McDaniel College Professor of Religion, Bucknell Languages and Cultures of Asia and Study of Religion University and Co-Coordinator, v eorel_fmv15 2/22/05 2:06 PM Page vi vi EDITORS AND CONSULTANTS Harvard Forum on Religion and TED PETERS Religion, University of Chicago Ecology Professor of Systematic Theology, Law and Religion Ecology and Religion Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary TOD SWANSON JOSEPH HARRIS and the Center for Theology and the Associate Professor of Religious Studies, Francis Lee Higginson Professor of Natural Sciences at the Graduate and Director, Center for Latin English Literature and Professor of Theological Union, Berkeley, American Studies, Arizona State Folklore, Harvard University California University Germanic Religions Science and Religion South American Religions URSULA KING FRANK E. REYNOLDS Professor Emerita, Senior Research Professor of the History of Religions MARY EVELYNTUCKER Professor of Religion, Bucknell Fellow and Associate Member of the and Buddhist Studies in the Divinity University, Founder and Coordinator, Institute for Advanced Studies, School and the Department of South University of Bristol, England, and Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard Forum on Religion and Professorial Research Associate, Centre Emeritus, University of Chicago Ecology, Research Fellow, Harvard History of Religions Yenching Institute, Research Associate, for Gender and Religions Research, School of Oriental and African GONZALO RUBIO Harvard Reischauer Institute of Studies, University of London Assistant Professor, Department of Japanese Studies Gender and Religion Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Ecology and Religion DAVID MORGAN Studies and Department of History HUGH B. URBAN Duesenberg Professor of Christianity and Religious Studies, Pennsylvania Associate Professor, Department of and the Arts, and State University Comparative Studies, Ohio State Ancient Near Eastern Religions Professor of Humanities and Art University History, Valparaiso University SUSAN SERED Politics and Religion Color Inserts and Essays Director of Research, Religion, Health CATHERINE WESSINGER JOSEPH F. NAGY and Healing Initiative, Center for the Professor of the History of Religions Professor, Department of English, Study of World Religions, Harvard and Women’s Studies, Loyola University of California, Los Angeles University, and Senior Research University New Orleans Celtic Religion Associate, Center for Women’s Health New Religious Movements and Human Rights, Suffolk University MATTHEW OJO Healing, Medicine, and Religion ROBERT A. YELLE Obafemi Awolowo University African Religions LAWRENCE E. SULLIVAN Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, University Professor, Department of Theology, of Toronto JUHA PENTIKÄINEN University of Notre Dame Law and Religion Professor of Comparative Religion, The History of Religions University of Helsinki, Member of ERIC ZIOLKOWSKI Academia Scientiarum Fennica, WINNIFRED FALLERS SULLIVAN Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious Finland Dean of Students and Senior Lecturer Studies, Lafayette College Arctic Religions and Uralic Religions in the Anthropology and Sociology of Literature and Religion ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION eorel_fmv15 3/11/05 10:09 AM Page vii TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Abbreviations and Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10019 Synoptic Outline of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10093 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10133 vii eorel_fmv15 2/14/05 9:45 AM Page ix A B B R E V I AT I O N S A N D S Y M B O L S U S E D I N T H I S W O R K abbr. abbreviated; abbreviation 3 Bar. 3 Baruch 2 Chr. 2 Chronicles abr. abridged; abridgment 4 Bar. 4 Baruch Ch. Slav. Church Slavic D D AD anno Domini, in the year of the B.B. Bava batra cm centimeters (our) Lord BBC British Broadcasting col. column (pl., cols.) Afrik. Afrikaans Corporation Col. Colossians AH anno Hegirae, in the year of the BC before Christ Colo. Colorado Hijrah BCE before the common era comp. compiler (pl., comps.) Akk. Akkadian B.D. Bachelor of Divinity Conn. Connecticut Ala. Alabama Beits. Beitsah cont. continued Alb. Albanian Bekh. Bekhorot Copt. Coptic Am. Amos Beng. Bengali 1 Cor. 1 Corinthians AM ante meridiem, before noon Ber. Berakhot 2 Cor. 2 Corinthians amend. amended; amendment Berb. Berber corr. corrected annot. annotated; annotation Bik. Bikkurim C.S.P. Congregatio Sancti Pauli, Ap. Apocalypse bk. book (pl., bks.) Congregation of Saint Paul D E D Apn. Apocryphon B.M. Bava metsia (Paulists) app. appendix BP before the present d. died D D Arab. Arabic B.Q. Bava qamma D Deuteronomic (source of the E E Arakh. Arakhin Bra¯h. Bra¯hman.a Pentateuch) Aram. Aramaic Bret. Breton Dan. Danish Ariz. Arizona B.T. Babylonian Talmud D.B. Divinitatis Baccalaureus, Ark. Arkansas Bulg. Bulgarian Bachelor of Divinity Arm. Armenian Burm. Burmese D.C. District of Columbia art. article (pl., arts.) c. circa, about, approximately D.D. Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of AS Anglo-Saxon Calif. California Divinity Asm. Mos. Assumption of Moses Can. Canaanite Del. Delaware D Assyr. Assyrian Catal. Catalan Dem. Demai A.S.S.R. Autonomous Soviet Socialist CE of the common era dim. diminutive Republic Celt. Celtic diss. dissertation Av. Avestan cf. confer, compare Dn. Daniel E E A.Z. Avodah zarah Chald. Chaldean D.Phil. Doctor of Philosophy b. born chap. chapter (pl., chaps.) Dt. Deuteronomy Bab. Babylonian Chin. Chinese Du. Dutch Ban. Bantu C.H.M. Community of the Holy E Elohist (source of the Pentateuch) 1 Bar. 1 Baruch Myrrhbearers Eccl. Ecclesiastes 2 Bar. 2 Baruch 1 Chr. 1 Chronicles ed. editor (pl., eds.); edition; edited by ix eorel_fmv15 2/14/05 9:45 AM Page x x ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS EEduy. EEduyyot Hung. Hungarian Lith. Lithuanian e.g. exempli gratia, for example ibid. ibidem, in the same place (as the Lk. Luke Egyp. Egyptian one immediately preceding) LL Late Latin 1 En. 1 Enoch Icel. Icelandic LL.D. Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws 2 En. 2 Enoch i.e. id est, that is Lv. Leviticus 3 En. 3 Enoch IE Indo-European m meters Eng. English Ill. Illinois m. masculine enl. enlarged Ind. Indiana M.A. Master of Arts E E Eph. Ephesians intro. introduction Ma as. Maaserot EEruv. EEruvin Ir. Gael. Irish Gaelic Ma Eas. Sh. MaE aser sheni 1 Esd. 1 Esdras Iran. Iranian Mak. Makkot 2 Esd. 2 Esdras Is. Isaiah Makh. Makhshirin 3 Esd. 3 Esdras Ital. Italian Mal. Malachi 4 Esd. 4 Esdras JYahvist (source of the Pentateuch) Mar. Marathi esp. especially Jas. James Mass. Massachusetts Est. Estonian Jav. Javanese 1 Mc. 1 Maccabees Est. Esther Jb. Job 2 Mc. 2 Maccabees et al. et alii, and others Jdt. Judith 3 Mc. 3 Maccabees etc. et cetera, and so forth Jer. Jeremiah 4 Mc. 4 Maccabees Eth. Ethiopic Jgs. Judges Md. Maryland EV English version Jl. Joel M.D. Medicinae Doctor, Doctor of Ex. Exodus Jn. John Medicine exp. expanded 1 Jn. 1 John ME Middle English Ez. Ezekiel 2 Jn. 2 John Meg. Megillah E E Ezr. Ezra 3 Jn. 3 John Me il. Meilah 2 Ezr. 2 Ezra Jon. Jonah Men. Menah.ot 4 Ezr. 4 Ezra Jos. Joshua MHG Middle High German f. feminine; and following (pl., ff.) Jpn. Japanese mi. miles fasc. fascicle (pl., fascs.) JPS Jewish Publication Society trans- Mi. Micah fig. figure (pl., figs.) lation (1985) of the Hebrew Bible Mich. Michigan Finn. Finnish J.T. Jerusalem Talmud Mid. Middot fl. floruit, flourished Jub. Jubilees Minn. Minnesota D Fla. Florida Kans. Kansas Miq. Miqvaot Fr. French Kel. Kelim MIran. Middle Iranian frag. fragment Ker. Keritot Miss. Mississippi ft. feet Ket. Ketubbot Mk. Mark Ga. Georgia 1 Kgs. 1 Kings Mo. Missouri E E Gal. Galatians 2 Kgs. 2 Kings Moed Q. Moed qa.tan Gaul. Gaulish Khois. Khoisan Mont. Montana D Ger. German Kil. Kil ayim MPers. Middle Persian Git.. Gi.t.tin km kilometers MS. manuscriptum, manuscript (pl., Gn. Genesis Kor. Korean MSS) Gr. Greek Ky. Kentucky Mt. Matthew H. ag. H. agigah l. line (pl., ll.) MT Masoretic text H. al. H. allah La. Louisiana n. note Hau. Hausa Lam. Lamentations Na. Nahum Hb. Habakkuk Lat. Latin Nah. Nahuatl Heb. Hebrew Latv. Latvian Naz. Nazir Heb. Hebrews L. en Th. Licencié en Théologie, N.B. nota bene, take careful note Hg. Haggai Licentiate in Theology N.C. North Carolina Hitt. Hittite L. ès L. Licencié ès Lettres, Licentiate n.d. no date Hor. Horayot in Literature N.Dak. North Dakota Hos. Hosea Let. Jer. Letter of Jeremiah NEB New English Bible H. ul. H. ullin lit. literally Nebr. Nebraska ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION eorel_fmv15 2/14/05 9:45 AM Page xi ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS xi Ned. Nedarim pop. population sp. species (pl., spp.) E Neg. Negaim Port. Portuguese Span. Spanish Neh. Nehemiah Prv. Proverbs sq. square Nev. Nevada Ps. Psalms S.S.R. Soviet Socialist Republic N.H. New Hampshire Ps. 151 Psalm 151 st. stanza (pl., ss.) Nid. Niddah Ps. Sol. Psalms of Solomon S.T.M. Sacrae Theologiae Magister, N.J. New Jersey pt. part (pl., pts.) Master of Sacred Theology Nm. Numbers 1Pt. 1 Peter Suk. Sukkah N.Mex. New Mexico 2 Pt. 2 Peter Sum. Sumerian no. number (pl., nos.) Pth. Parthian supp. supplement; supplementary Nor. Norwegian Q hypothetical source of the synoptic Sus. Susanna n.p. no place Gospels s.v. sub verbo, under the word (pl., n.s. new series Qid. Qiddushin s.v.v.) N.Y. New York Qin. Qinnim Swed. Swedish Ob. Obadiah r. reigned; ruled Syr. Syriac O.Cist. Ordo Cisterciencium, Order Rab. Rabbah Syr. Men. Syriac Menander E E of Cîteaux (Cistercians) rev. revised Ta an.Taanit D OCS Old Church Slavonic R. ha-Sh. Rosh ha-shanah Tam.Tamil OE Old English R.I. Rhode Island Tam.Tamid O.F.M. Ordo Fratrum Minorum, Rom. Romanian Tb.Tobit Order of Friars Minor Rom. Romans T.D. Taish¯oshinshu¯ daiz¯oky¯o, edited (Franciscans) R.S.C.J. Societas Sacratissimi Cordis by Takakusu Junjiro¯ et al. OFr. Old French Jesu, Religious of the Sacred Heart (Tokyo,1922–1934) Ohal. Ohalot RSV Revised Standard Version of the Tem.Temurah OHG Old High German Bible Tenn.Tennessee OIr. Old Irish Ru. Ruth Ter.Terumot OIran. Old Iranian Rus. Russian T.ev. Y.T.evul yom Okla. Oklahoma Rv. Revelation Tex.Texas ON Old Norse Rv. Ezr. Revelation of Ezra Th.D.Theologicae Doctor, Doctor of O.P. Ordo Praedicatorum, Order of San. Sanhedrin Theology Preachers (Dominicans) S.C. South Carolina 1 Thes. 1 Thessalonians OPers. Old Persian Scot. Gael. Scottish Gaelic 2 Thes. 2 Thessalonians op. cit. opere citato, in the work cited S.Dak. South Dakota Thrac.Thracian OPrus. Old Prussian sec. section (pl., secs.) Ti.Titus Oreg. Oregon Sem. Semitic Tib.Tibetan E E Orl. Orlah ser. series 1 Tm. 1 Timothy O.S.B. Ordo Sancti Benedicti, Order sg. singular 2 Tm. 2 Timothy of Saint Benedict (Benedictines) Sg. Song of Songs T. of 12Testaments of the Twelve p. page (pl., pp.) Sg. of 3 Prayer of Azariah and the Patriarchs P Priestly (source of the Pentateuch) Song of the Three Young Men T.oh..tohorot Pa. Pennsylvania Shab. Shabbat Tong.Tongan E Pahl. Pahlavi Shav. Shavuot trans. translator, translators; translated Par. Parah Sheq. Sheqalim by; translation para. paragraph (pl., paras.) Sib. Or. Sibylline Oracles Turk.Turkish Pers. Persian Sind. Sindhi Ukr. Ukrainian Pes. Pesahim Sinh. Sinhala Upan. Upani.sad Ph.D. Philosophiae Doctor, Doctor Sir. Ben Sira U.S. United States of Philosophy S.J. Societas Jesu, Society of Jesus U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist Phil. Philippians (Jesuits) Republics Phlm. Philemon Skt. Sanskrit Uqts. Uqtsin Phoen. Phoenician 1 Sm. 1 Samuel v. verse (pl., vv.) pl. plural; plate (pl., pls.) 2 Sm. 2 Samuel Va.Virginia PM post meridiem, after noon Sogd. Sogdian var. variant; variation Pol. Polish Sot.. So.tah Viet.Vietnamese ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION