Editor–in–Chief CHARLES D. SPIELBERGER University of South Florida Tampa, Florida, USA CharlesD.SpielbergerisDistinguishedResearchProfessorofPsychologyandDirectoroftheCenterforResearchin BehavioralMedicineandHealthPsychologyattheUniversityofSouthFlorida.Author,co-author,oreditorofmore than 350 professional publications, Spielberger’s current research focuses on anxiety, anger, curiosity, depression, jobstress,andlifestylefactorsthatcontributetotheetiologyandprogressionofcancerandcardiovasculardisorders. HisState-TraitAnxietyInventory(1970,1983),withtranslationsin66languagesanddialects,hasbecomeastandard internationalmeasureofanxiety.HehasservedasPresidentoftheInternationalAssociationofAppliedPsychology, theInternationalCouncilofPsychologists,andtheInternationalStressManagementAssociationandwasthe100th President of theAmerican Psychological Association. i Editorial Advisors John W. Adair Machiko Fukuhara Joe Matarazzo UniversityofManitoba TokiwaUniversity OregonHealthSciencesUniversity Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada Mito,Japan Portland,Oregon,USA Michael Harris Bond James Georgas ChineseUniversityofHongKong UniversityofAthens Charles Spielberger HongKong,China Athens,Greece UniversityofSouthFlorida Pieter J. D. Drenth Frank Heller Tampa,Florida,USA VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam TavistockInstituteofHumanRelations Amsterdam,TheNetherlands London, UnitedKingdom Tuomo Tikkanen Edwin A. Fleishman Stevan Hobfoll FinnishPsychologicalAssociation GeorgeMasonUniversity KentStateUniversity Helsinki,Finland Potomac,Maryland,USA Kent,Ohio,USA Raymond D. Fowler Anna Leonova Bernhard Wilpert AmericanPsychologicalAssociation MoscowStateUniversity TechnischeUniversita¨tBerlin Washington,D.C.,USA Moscow,RussianFederation Berlin,Germany Michael Frese Claude Levy-Leboyer Justus-LiebigUniversityofGiessen Universite´ Rene´ Descartes Giessen,Germany Paris,France iii Section Editors Neil Anderson Jane Goodman-Delahunty Roy Malpass UniversiteitvanAmsterdam UniversityofNewSouthWales UniversityofTexas Amsterdam,TheNetherlands Sydney,NewSouthWales,Australia ElPaso,Texas,USA Andrew Baum Yuri Hanin Rick R. McCown ResearchInstituteforOlympicSports UniversityofPittsburgh DuquesneUniversity Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA Jyvaskyla,Finland Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA Ann Higgins-D’Alessandro Jose´ M. Prieto John W. Berry FordhamUniversity UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid Queen’sUniversity Bronx,NewYork,USA Madrid,Spain Kingston,Ontario,Canada Robert Hogan Donald K. Routh Mirilia Bonnes HoganAssessmentSystems Tulsa,Oklahoma,USA UniversityofMiami Universita` degliStudidiRoma‘‘LaSapienza’’ Miami,Florida,USA Rome,Italy Barry Kantowitz UniversityofMichigan Mark L. Savickas Heliodoro Carpintero AnnArbor,Michigan,USA NortheasternOhioUniversitiesCollege UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid Uichol Kim ofMedicine Madrid,Spain Rootstown,Ohio,USA Chung-AngUniversity Giuseppe Carrus Seoul,Korea Margaret Semrud-Clikeman Universita` degliStudidiRoma‘‘LaSapienza’’ Howard M. Knoff UniversityofTexas Rome,Italy U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices Austin,Texas,USA LittleRock,Arkansas,USA Patrizia Catellani Harry C. Triandis CatholicUniversityofMilan Frederick T. L. Leong UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign Milan,Italy UniversityofTennessee Champaign,Illinois,USA Knoxville,Tennessee,USA Florence Denmark W. Fred van Raaij Peter A. Lichtenberg PaceUniversity UniversiteitvanTilburg WayneStateUniversity NewYork,NewYork,USA Tilburg,TheNetherlands Detroit,Michigan,USA Rocio Ferna´ndez-Ballesteros Garcia Ingrid Lunt Sheldon Zedeck Auto´nomaUniversidaddeMadrid UniversityofLondon UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley Madrid,Spain London,UnitedKingdom Berkeley,California,USA iv