William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2009 Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (44) (0) 1865 853333, email: [email protected]. Alternatively visit the Science and Technology website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-8155-1583-8 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in United States of America 09 10 11 12 111111 111000 999 888 777 666 555 444 333 222 111 Series Editor’s Preface This book aims to achieve the most difficult of combinations – simultaneous breadth and depth. As a collection of chapters written by individual experts, it manages to convey some of the coherence of the field, despite the fact that it is already vast. The opening chapter is introductory, but the remainder of the book deals with specialized topics at the cutting edge. Different chapters adopt somewhat different styles according to the nature of their subject matter. For example, Chapter 3 on advanced charac- terization techniques first explains them and then describes various applica- tions in the manner of case studies. Other chapters are a delight even just to dip into – for example, Chapter 4 describes fascinating forests of nanowires and other more exotic structures that can be produced nowadays. Because of the vastness of the field, it is almost impossible for any one person to be already acquainted with the topics selected for inclusion. Therefore, every nanotechnologist is likely to find something new and interesting in this book. The reader will also become aware that even if the end product of a manufacturing process is a microdevice, nanotech- nology is nevertheless involved in the fabrication. Several chapters, while not concerned with manufacture per se, deal with matters closely related to nanomanufacturing (or nanofacture as it is nowadays called). Thus, Chapter 9 deals with the safety of nanoparticles, an aspect that should certainly not be neglected. An interesting feature of this book is the fact that the contributors are working in a diverse set of institutes in many different parts of the world. This very graphically underlines the extraordinary multidisciplinarity of nanotechnology, as well as the fact that it is already a truly global technology. Jeremy Ramsden Cranfield University, United Kingdom ix Foreword For a number of years, nanotechnology has attracted considerable wide­ spread attention from both scientists and industrialists. A great deal of research has been carried out with a range of interesting phenomena and applications emerging. The focus of this book is to present emerging nano­ technologies that are likely to be highly suitable for manufacturing products on a large scale and economically. This book contains contributions from international experts. Despite the wide range of areas, in­depth coverage of the topics has been a major objective of this book. It is widely believed that nanotechnology will cause a new revolution in fields such as medicine, materials, energy, electronics and agriculture. Therefore, to capitalize on this translation of nanotechnologies into manufactured products on a large scale in an economic manner will be critical. In Chapter 1, the various approaches to nanotechnology and its tran­ sition to nanomanufacturing are described. Chapter 2 covers the use of nanotechnology in enhancing the performance of gas sensors. For a bet­ ter understanding of the effects of nanomaterial on the functionality of various products, it is important to characterize nanostructures, and vari­ ous techniques employed for this purpose are described in Chapter 3. In order to use nanotechnology to manufacture products, various techniques are used to pattern thin films and several self­assembly techniques are described in Chapter 4. Numerous new applications of carbon nanotubes are emerging and in Chapter 5 various routes for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes are discussed. Chapter 6 highlights the use of nanoparticles in biological specimens and it is highly likely that these will have important applications in medicine. Another important technology for manufacturing products is nano­ and micromachining which is highlighted in Chapter 7. At the nanoscale, there are often very complex relationships among input design parameters and process or product outputs. It would be prohibitively time consuming to perform all of the combinatorially possible experiments in order to comprehend these relationships. However, statistical design of experiment is a technique that can be used to efficiently explore the rela­ tionships and develop greater understanding. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly central to the advancement of nanotechnology and nanoman­ ufacturing and this topic is discussed in Chapter 8. There is considerable xi