THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING objective analysis and effective PUBLIC SAFETY solutions that address the challenges SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND around the world. HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Defense Research Institute View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 2009 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2009 to 00-00-2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Reconstruction Under Fire: Unifying Civil and Military 5b. GRANT NUMBER Counterinsurgency 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Rand Corporation,1776 Main Street,PO Box 2138,Santa REPORT NUMBER Monica,CA,90407-2138 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 159 unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Reconstruction Under Fire Unifying Civil and Military Counterinsurgency David C. Gompert, Terrence K. Kelly, Brooke Stearns Lawson, Michelle Parker, Kimberly Colloton Sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense Approved for public release; distribution unlimited NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The research described in this report was prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). The research was conducted in the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the OSD, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community under Contract W74V8H-06-C-0002. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. 978-0-8330-4705-2 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R ® is a registered trademark. AP Photo/Edward G. Martens © Copyright 2009 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/permissions.html). Published 2009 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface It is widely agreed that effective civilian relief, reconstruction, and development work can help convince people to support their govern- ment against insurgency. Knowing this, insurgents will target such work, threatening both those who perform it and those who benefit from it. Too often, the result is a postponement of efforts to improve government and serve the population until contested territory has been cleared of insurgents. This can lead to excessive reliance on force to defeat insurgents—at best, delaying and, at worst, preventing success. Unsatisfied with this general state of affairs, a RAND team with combined security and development expertise set out to learn how “civilian counterinsurgency” (civil COIN) could be conducted more safely in the face of active insurgency, when it can do the most good. Thanks to a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation, matched by support from the U.S. Department of Defense, the team has completed this inquiry and set out the results in this monograph. Its findings and recommendations should be of as much interest to practitioners, policy leaders, and scholars of civil COIN as well as to those involved in security. This research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combat- ant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. iii iv Reconstruction Under Fire: Unifying Civil and Military Counterinsurgency For more information on RAND’s International Security and Defense Policy Center, contact the Director, James Dobbins. He can be reached by email at [email protected]; by phone at 703-413- 1100, extension 5134; or by mail at the RAND Corporation, 1200 S. Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202. More information about RAND is available at www.rand.org. Contents Preface ............................................................................. iii Figures ............................................................................. ix Tables .............................................................................. xi Summary .........................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ............................................................ xxiii Abbreviations ................................................................... xxv ChAPTer One Introduction ....................................................................... 1 Conceptual Bearings ............................................................... 1 The Nature and Importance of Civil COIN .................................... 7 Civil COIN, Violence, and Risk ................................................12 Context .............................................................................18 Method and Organization of the Monograph .................................21 ChAPTer TwO Three Cases ...................................................................... 23 Objectives and Criteria .......................................................... 23 Nord-Kivu, DRC ................................................................ 26 Background ..................................................................... 26 Context ...........................................................................29 Threat .............................................................................31 Focus Areas ......................................................................32 Nangarhar, Afghanistan ..........................................................33 Background ......................................................................33 Context .......................................................................... 36 v vi Reconstruction Under Fire: Unifying Civil and Military Counterinsurgency Threat ............................................................................ 38 Focus Areas ......................................................................39 Al Anbar, Iraq .....................................................................41 Background ......................................................................41 Context ...........................................................................45 Threat ............................................................................ 46 Focus Areas ..................................................................... 48 Summary Observations and Analysis .......................................... 50 ChAPTer Three Integrated Analysis, Integrated Approach ..................................59 Civil-Military “Integration” ......................................................59 The Nature of Civil COIN ......................................................61 The Practicalities of Civil COIN ............................................... 68 A Network Model for Securing Civil COIN ..................................71 Co-location to Reduce and Manage Risk ......................................75 Integrating Security and Civil COIN Operations ............................79 Current Efforts to Integrate and Secure Civil COIN .........................83 Conclusion ........................................................................ 86 ChAPTer FOur Security requirements ..........................................................89 Modes of Providing Security ....................................................93 Embedded Security ............................................................ 94 Mobile Security ................................................................ 97 Quick-Reaction Forces ........................................................ 98 Information Sensing and Sharing ........................................... 100 Non-Lethal Capabilities ...................................................... 103 Investments ...................................................................... 104 Summary ......................................................................... 107 ChAPTer FIve Conclusions ..................................................................... 109 Summary of Key Findings ..................................................... 110 Recommendations .............................................................. 117 General Principles ............................................................. 117 Contents vii Further Analysis ............................................................... 118 Application and Experimentation ........................................... 118 Concluding Thoughts .......................................................... 119 About the Authors ............................................................. 121 Bibliography .................................................................... 125