DRUM and CROAKER A Highly Irregular Journal for the Public Aquarist Special Edition No. 2 December 2004 Additional Conference Papers from: The Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium October 3-7, 2001 Orlando, FL, USA The Complete Collection of Elasmobranch Husbandry Articles from: Drum and Croaker 1958-2004 This page intentionally left blank. Editorial Contributors: Pete Mohan Editor: Drum and Croaker Scanned, reformatted, and provided Drum and Croaker archival material. Mark Smith and the Entire EHM Editorial Staff* Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual, Ohio Biological Survey, 2004 Provided edited versions of featured Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium papers (*See a complete list of EHS and EHM organizers, editors, steering committee members, supporters and referees on the following page) i Symposium Organizers Steering Gordon McGregor Greg Caillet Committee Reid Greg Charbeneau Doug Warmolts Susanne Riddle Hans Walters Mark Smith George Benz Robert Rinker Heidi Dewar Ilze Berzins John Rupp Henry Mollet Ilze Berzins Greg Charbeneau Jennifer Sowash Holly Martel Bourbon Joe Choromanski Joe Choromanski Nancy Walters Ilze Berzins Jane Davis Jerry Crow Jack Musick Becky Ellsworth Jane Davis Chester Zoo Jackson Andrews Robert Hueter Ray Davis Columbus Zoo and Jane Davis Mafalda Sousa Pires Beth Firchau Aquarium Jay Hemdale Gary Violetta Pat Garratt Florida Aquarium Jerry Crow Ken Yates Suzanne Gendron IDEA, Inc. Jim Gelsleichter Alan Henningsen Living Seas, Epcot Joe Choromanski John Hewitt Center Joe Groff Scientific Program Bob Hueter Monterey Bay John Morrissey Organizers Max Janse Aquarium John O’Sullivan Allan Marshall Mote Marine JosØ Castro Mark Smith Tony McEwan Laboratory Ken Goldman Doug Warmolts Pete Mohan National Aquarium Ken Yates Dave Powell in Baltimore Kevin Curlee Juan Romero National Marine Mahmood Shivij Manual Editors Juan Sabalones Aquarium Mark Smith Mike Shaw NUPEC Marty Greenwald Mark Smith Mark Smith OceanÆrio de Marty Wisner Doug Warmolts Frank Steslow Lisboa Mary Camhi Dennis Thoney Dennis Thoney Packard Foundation Mike Murray Robert Hueter Gary Violetta Ripley Aquariums Mike Shaw Doug Warmolts Inc. Mike Walsh Marty Wisner SeaWorld Paula Powell Manual Copy Editor Shark Reef, Perry Hampton Mandalay Bay Pete Mohan Mike Shaw Additional Support Strong Peter Scott Communications Ray Davis Jackson Andrews Ray Jones Illustrations and Ricardo Amoedo Reid Withrow Photographs Greg Bell Referees Robert Hueter Kevin Bonifas Robin James Rolf Williams Ellen Carpenter Alan Henningsen Rolf Williams Juan Romero Joªo Pedro Correia Alison Scarratt Sarah Fowler Manoel Mateus Andy Stamper Sarah Poynton Bueno Gonzalez Beth Firchau Scott Terrel Publisher Randy Hamilton Brent Whitaker Sonja Fordham Bobbie Headley Brian Armitage Steve Menzies Ohio Biological Survey Diane Hockman Carl Luer Suzanne Gendron Brian Armitage Rolando Borges Carol Farmer Tony McEwan Martins Carrie Goertz Tom Mattix Dave Powell Merchandise Cindy Melchiorre Dennis Thoney Frank Murru Frank Murru R(cid:146)devie (cid:150) Art of Life Julie Packard Frank Steslow Joªo Falcato Gary Violetta Pereira George Benz Glen Pittenger Gerard Visser Geremy Cliff ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Preface SPECIES ACCOUNTS ANGEL SHARKS 5 Husbandry of Pacific Angel Sharks at Cabrillo Marine Aquarium Michael S. Schaadt and Jeffrey Landesman Drum and Croaker 28: 3-5. January 1997 8 Capture and Feeding Techniques for Pacific Angel Sharks, Squatina californica Christina J. Slager and Kevin Lewand Drum and Croaker 34: 3-4. January 2003 BONNETHEAD SHARKS 13 Bonnethead Shark (Sphyrna tiburo) in Captivity Gerrit Klay Drum and Croaker 69(1): 1-5. January 1969 16 Swimming Behavior of the Bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo) in Shallow Water Gerrit Klay Drum and Croaker 11(2), aka 70(2): 23-26. May 1970 19 Experience in Blue (Sharks) Louis Garibaldi and Ronald Lloyd Drum and Croaker 12(1), aka 71(1): 3-5. January 1971 21 Shark Births on Video Tape The Staff of Sea World Marine Science and Conservation Center Drum and Croaker 22(1): 3-5. Summer 1989 24 Bonnethead Sharks Born at Sea World Daniel LeBlanc Drum and Croaker 22(3): 8-9. Winter 1989 COW SHARKS 27 Experiences with Sixgill Sharks (Hexanchus corinum) at the Seattle Marine Aquarium Eric Friese Drum and Croaker 65(1): 17-19. March 1965 30 The Imobilisation of Spotted Sevengill Sharks (Notorynchus cepedianus) to Facilitate Transport L. Vogelnest, D.S. Spielman and H.K. Ralph Drum and Croaker 25: 5-6. January 1994 iii ATLANTIC NURSE SHARKS 35 Baby Nurse Sharks Warren Zeiller Drum and Croaker 68(2): 29-31. May 1968 37 More on Baby Nurse Sharks Warren Zeiller Drum and Croaker 69(3): 17. September 1969 38 Nurse Shark - 300 Pounds of Hell Gerrit Klay Drum and Croaker 13(2): 28-29. July 1972 40 Development of the Bite Manipulandum for Use in the Conditioning of the Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) Lisa Michelle Pearman Drum and Croaker 23(1), aka 22(4):3-5. Summer 1990 46 A Log of Captive Births by an Atlantic Nurse Shark, “Sarah” Maureen Kuenen Drum and Croaker 31: 22-23. February 2000 SAND TIGER/GREY NURSE SHARKS 51 Observations on the Behavior of Captive Sand Tiger Sharks, Carcharias taurus, (Rafinesque, 1810) Gary E. Hannon and Anne C. Crook Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 62 A Tag and Release Program for Grey Nurse Sharks Marnie Horton Drum and Croaker 28: 17-19. January 1997 65 A Case History of a Severe Bite Wound and Its Repair in a Juvenile Sand Tiger, Carcharias taurus Tobi Pledger and Pete Mohan Drum and Croaker 31: 25-26. February 2000 68 Worldwide Review of the Grey Nurse Shark, Carcharias taurus, as a Contribution Towards Its Conservation in Australia. A Bibliography Rodney Garner Drum and Croaker 34: 26-42. January 2003 85 Using Garlic as an Appetite Stimulant in Sand Tiger Sharks (Carcharias taurus) Denise Ashdown and Gary Violetta Drum and Croaker 35: 59-61. January 2004 iv WHITETIP REEF SHARKS 91 Second Generation Whitetip Reef Sharks at Seaworld San Antonio Joe Keyon Drum and Croaker 33: 30. February 2002 92 Observation of Whitetip Reef Shark (Triaenodon obesus) Parturition in Captivity Pamela Schaller Drum and Croaker 35: 13-17. January 2004 RAYS AND SAWFISHES 99 Summary of the Capture, Husbandry, and Release of Manta Rays (Manta birostris) Maintained at Atlantis Resort, Bahamas. Natasha Christie Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 104 Successful Spotted Eagle Ray (Aetobatis narinari) Breeding Program and Details of an Assisted Birth Jeffrey Mahon, Frederic Chua, and Paige Newman Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 108 History of Fresh-Water Stingrays, Genus Potamotrygon, at Chester Zoo Aquarium Mike Crumpler, Stephanie Wehnelt, and Gordon Mcgregor Reid Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 111 Amputation of a Fractured Snout in a Giant Shovelnose Ray (Rhinobatos typus) Using Cryosurgery Nuno M. Pereira, Gon(cid:231)alo D. Nunes, and Joªo P. Correia Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 113 Saga of a Sawfish K. Gilbey Hewlett Drum and Croaker 17(1, mislabeled as (cid:147)2(cid:148)): 41-43. April 1977 116 Husbandry of Freshwater Stingrays James K. Langhammer Drum and Croaker 19(2): 31-33. Winter 1979 118 Baby Stingrays Dasyatis americana Born at Coral World Jim Mayer Drum and Croaker 21(1): 39-45. May 1984 122 Observations of Rostral Tooth Regrowth in Smalltooth Sawfish, Pristis pectinata David H. Clippinger Drum and Croaker 24(1): 31-33. January 1993 v 125 Feeding Techniques for the Pacific Torpedo Ray, Torpedo californica Kevin Lewand and Christina J. Slager Drum and Croaker 34: 19-21. January 2003 OTHER SPECIES: HAMMERHEAD, LEMON, TIGER, AND SILKY SHARKS 130 Collection and Transport of Hammerhead Sharks, with Emphasis on the Greater Hammerhead, Sphyrna mokarran. Forrest Young, Angus Barnhart, Ben Daughtry, and Cory Walter Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 135 Night Lights in the Aquarium - From Observations Made With a Captive Lemon Shark Colin Grist Drum and Croaker 20(1): 20-21. January 1982 137 Husbandry Observations, and Treatment of Fungal Infection in a Tiger Shark, Galeocerdo cuvier Andrew H. Dehart and Gary L. Stoops Drum and Croaker 29: 9-13. February 1998 142 The Transportation of Live Silky Sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis) on Standard Palletized Aircraft Cargo Positions for Long Distance and Time Period Transports Forrest A. Young, David C. Powell, and Richard Lerner Drum and Croaker 32: 5-7. January 2001 OTHER PAPERS FROM THE ELASMOBRANCH HUSBANDRY SYMPOSIUM AND DRUM AND CROAKER DIET MANAGEMENT 147 Shark Nutritional Requirements in Captivity Gerrit Klay Drum and Croaker 17(1, mislabeled as (cid:147)2(cid:148)): 19-22. April 1977. 151 Some Length-Weight Relationships for Sharks and their Use in Husbandry Programs Peter J. Mohan Drum and Croaker 31: 11-16. February 2000 EDUCATION AND INTERACTION 161 Community Relations and Elasmobranchs in Public Aquaria Kelvin Boot Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 164 Science and Aesthetics: An Educational Insight Rolf Williams Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium vi 168 Discover Scuba: Dive with the Sharks Program at Deep Sea Leisure Matt Walker Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 172 Elasmobranch Common Name Use in Marine Aquarium Education Rod Garner Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 176 Hands-0n and Child Friendly Shark Displays Marilyn Margold and Leonard Sonnenschein Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 179 Shark Myths - A Problem for Marine Education. Gordon S. Croft Drum and Croaker 29: 14-15. February 1998 181 Shark Tails Suzanne Gendron Drum and Croaker 30: 8-9. February 1999 183 White Sharks in Scotland - A Case of Mistaken Identity? Gordon S. Croft Drum and Croaker 30: 24. February 1999 EGG CASES 187 Observations on Egg Laying in the Horn Shark, Heterodontus francisci (Girard) Charles Farwell Drum and Croaker 13(2): 20. July 1972. 188 Maintenance of Pre-Term Embryos of the Lesser-Spotted Dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, in Artificial Egg-Cases. Gordon S. Croft Drum and Croaker 28: 11-12. January 1997 190 Windows into Elasmobranch Embryonic Development: A Method to Install a Window on the Egg Case of the Big Skate, Raja Binoculata (Girard 1855), before the Completion of the First Trimester Michael J. Howard Drum and Croaker 33: 26-30. February 2002 195 Size Relationships between Egg Capsules and Female Big Skates, Raja binoculata (Girard, 1855) Michael J. Howard Drum and Croaker 33: 31-34. February 2002 vii EXHIBITRY AND DESIGN 201 Shark Aquarium – One of the Largest Elasmobranch Collections Suzanne Gendron, David Lai, Cheng Chor Luk, Yvonne Lim, Ho Kam Fook, Yeung Tao Kan, and Samuel Li Elasmobranch Husbandry Symposium 208 Experimental Tank for Pelagic Sharks David C. Powell Drum and Croaker 68(3): 24-26. September 1968 210 Shark-Quarium (Growing Up) Gerrit Klay Drum and Croaker 13(2): 16. July 1972 211 The Steinhart Roundabout: An Aquarium for Fishes John E. McCosker Drum and Croaker 16(2), aka 76(2): 1-3. December 1976 214 Shark Dynamics and Exhibit Design Gerrit Klay Drum and Croaker 17(1, mislabeled as (cid:147)2(cid:148)): 29-32. April 1977 viii