DICTIONARY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION This page intentionally left blank DICTIONARY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION Alan Jay Christensen McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-158887-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-144142-5. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. This document was made possible through the kind and understanding patience of my dear wife, Terry, and six wonderful children while most of my spare time for one year was spent in research, writing, illustrating, and photographing. Thanks to each of them. Inmyopinion,McGraw-Hillprovidesagreatservicetotheseekerofknowledge,under- standing,andwisdominprovidingprogressive,substantive,educationalmaterial. Throughtheprocessofwritingandgoingtofinalcopymanypeopleshouldbethanked, butIwouldbeespeciallyremissnottogivewrittenappreciationforCarySullivan,who through her vision persisted in pursuing this book to its fruition; and Danielle Lake, whowasmosthelpfulthroughtheeditingprocess. This page intentionally left blank PREFACE This publication represents research and analysis compiled, edited, and written by the author. In that effort, the following information may be helpful to the user for better understanding of this dictionary: 1. Words applicable to landscape architecture but most commonly understood are not defined within this work (i.e., water). 2. Most entries with multiple words do not have the words individually listed and defined so as to avoid redundancy and conserve space (i.e., crop coefficient, or cross connection). 3. Many conglomerate entries (multiple word entries) that are listed and defined as sep- arate words and retain the given meaning of each word are not listed because the meaning is obvious with the meaning of each defined word (i.e., turf irrigation sys- tem). 4. Many words, such as definitions of abbreviations, have obvious and universal mean- ing with almost no variation from source to source. These are recorded without embellishment. 5. Many word definitions are modified, edited, or recorded from the standpoint of a landscape architect. 6. Definitions specific to the landscape industry that are less understood, or those affect- ing the health, safety, and welfare of people, plants, or other organisms are often expanded and expounded upon with more than a simple definition. 7. Words with the same definition that are commonly interchangeable are given iden- tical definitions so that the user does not have to be referenced to another word before obtaining a definition. However, when there are interchangeable words or terms with one being more acceptable than the other, a reference is made from the less common term or word to the more common word or term for the definition. 8. Some definitions are newly recorded with no available references for gaining an understanding, but instead insight to the landscape industry and its evolving or new individualized jargon afforded the definition (i.e., setting heads). 9. The definitions in this work may be time-sensitive as meanings change over time and may also vary with circumstances. Care has been taken to provide the best definitive information available, understood, and researched by the author from his available sources at the time of writing. This document does not constitute a legal or binding list of definitions. vii Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. This page intentionally left blank