TRADOC Pamphlet 525-7-4 The United States Army’s Concept Capability Plan (CCP) SPACE OPERATIONS 2015 - 2024 Version 1.0 15 November 2006 The United States Army Space Operations Concept Capability Plan Foreword From the Director U.S. Army Capabilities Integration Center Emerging joint and Army concepts highlight the fact that the future Modular Force battlefield now extends vertically into space. Additionally, the complexity of joint and combined arms operations described in our joint and Army concepts place high demands on future Modular Force commanders and organizations. The global explosion in military and commercial space- based information technologies present an opportunity to integrate space throughout the force enabling the type of warfare envisioned in our future Force concepts. Within this context the Army has a responsibility to influence and shape the design and development of the space related requirements of the future Modular Force. The U.S. Army Space Operations Concept Capability Plan (CCP) identifies the space-enabled capabilities required to execute Army operations in the 2015 - 2024 timeframe. The CCP describes how Army forces leverage the power of national, civil and commercial space-based assets on the future battlefield. The capabilities identified in this CCP provide a coherent way ahead for the further examination of potential doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel and facilities (DOTMLPF) solutions. As such, this CCP will serve as a start point for a comprehensive capabilities based assessment involving many different proponents. In examining Army's future space-enabled capabilities, the CCP describes the environment of space, the emerging threat from our adversaries use of space for hostile purposes, and the joint interdependence of all space operations. The CCP describes how the Army will evolve from a position of simply exploiting strategic space-based capabilities to a position where the Army is fully integrated into the planning, execution, and use of theater focused operational and tactical space applications. The realization of these capabilities is essential to achieving the Army's Capstone Concept objective of becoming a strategically responsive, campaign quality force. As with all concepts, concept capability plans are in continuous evolution. This CCP will be refined and updated as new learning emerges from research, joint and Army wargaming, experimentation and combat development. Many of the space-enabled capability requirements introduced in this CCP will be further developed in other proponent capability documents. Because this CCP crosses so many joint and Army functional areas, I strongly encourage its use in our interaction with other proponents, Services and joint organizations. Lieutenant General, U.S. Army Director, Army Capabilities Integration Center i Executive Summary The future Modular Force battlefield extends vertically into the region of space and this concept capability plan (CCP) concentrates on the growing importance and dependence of Army operations on space-based systems and space-enabled functions, processes and information. The Army Space Operations CCP is intended to focus the Army’s efforts to exploit the ultimate high ground of space and describe the required space-enabled capabilities needed to realize the objectives of our joint and Army concepts. The CCP presents capabilities that enable the effective application of space-based assets and capabilities across the full spectrum of conflict in an interdependent, joint, and multinational environment. It describes how Army forces integrate the power of national, civil, and commercial space-based assets. The CCP is not an end unto itself but rather the foundation for change and will likely result in one or more capability based assessment. The reference timeframe for this CCP is 2015–2024. U.S. space operations are inherently joint and interagency in nature. The CCP recognizes the fact that joint interdependence is essential for the conduct of all Army space operations. This interdependence and complexity extends beyond the traditional Department of Defense (DOD) capabilities to include national agencies such as: the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Reconnaissance Office, the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency and others. It is critical that the subject matter expertise, roles and unique capabilities each Service and agency provides be leveraged in the conduct of future Modular Force operations. The CCP is designed to achieve four imperatives: • Facilitate the integration of space capabilities across the full spectrum of Army and joint operations. • Improve the Army’s ability to exploit existing space capabilities. • Deliver space capabilities that address Army needs (capability requirements) and priorities by influencing the design of space-based systems and payloads. • Systematically and deliberately evolve Army space support operations over time to provide dedicated, responsive theater focused support to operational and tactical commanders. Central to achieving these imperatives, the concept describes the need for a layered infrastructure involving specific space enablers at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. This infrastructure consists of facilities, personnel, organizations and equipment that extend space- based enablers to the “last tactical mile.” Using an operational level vignette, and the Army capstone concept’s seven key operational ideas (shape and entry operations, operational maneuver from strategic distances, intratheater operational maneuver, decisive maneuver, concurrently and subsequent stability operations, distributed support, and network-enabled battle command) the CCP illustrates the integration and contribution of space-enabled capabilities in a future Modular Force operational setting. The Army Space Operations CCP draws its key ideas and required capability statements directly from the text of the joint and Army concepts. The CCP refines these broad capability statements ii TRADOC Pam 525-7-4 into space-enabled capability statements and provides a detailed description of the capabilities required by the future Modular Force. Additionally, the CCP identifies the space-based or supporting infrastructure in the current, mid- and far-terms. Although many of these capabilities are yet to be realized, they represent the bridge between the current modular force and the future Modular Force. This listing of required capabilities should be interpreted as optimum capabilities for the 2015-2024 timeframe. As the Army moves forward in its transformation, and achieves future Modular Force qualities, we must, in all our mission areas, recognize that our concepts and concept capability plans are the basis for the development of future Modular Force capabilities. The holistic approach of this CCP should support any number of future capability based assessments. The power and capabilities we generate from and within space are integral components of the future Modular Force’s success. iii Department of the Army *TRADOC Pamphlet 525-7-4 Headquarters, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Monroe, Virginia 23651-1047 15 November 2006 Military Operations Army Space Operations Concept Capability Plan Summary. This concept capability plan (CCP) provides a capability plan for integrating Army space operations capabilities and will result in a space operations focused capabilities based assessment (CBA). The Army space operations CBA will identify doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, and facilities (DOTMLPF) solutions or solution sets for space operations capability gaps in the 2015-2024 timeframe. The Army Space Operations concept focuses on the strategic, operational and tactical application of integrated space operations capabilities across the spectrum of conflict. This concept draws from approved and draft documents addressing the Army’s modular forces to include the division, corps, and Army service component commands in addition to the Army’s Future Combat System (FCS) Operational and Organizational (O&O) Plan, and emerging joint and Army concepts relevant to Department of Defense (DOD) and Army Transformation. This CCP is version 1.0. Applicability. This CCP applies to all U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), non-TRADOC Army proponents, and Department of the Army (DA) activities that identify and develop DOTMLPF solutions to field required space operations capabilities. Active Army, Army National Guard, Army Reserve operating forces, and Army Materiel Command may use this pamphlet to identify future space operations trends in the Army. This pamphlet may also serve as a reference document to agencies within the joint Community that are planning or are concerned with Army space operations and initiatives. Supplementation. Do not supplement this CCP without prior approval from Director, TRADOC Army Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC) (ATFC-ED), 33 Ingalls Road, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1061. Suggested Improvements. The proponent of this CCP is the TRADOC Army Capabilities Integration Center. Send comments and suggested improvements on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) through channels to Director, TRADOC Army Capabilities Integration Center (ATFC-ED), 33 Ingalls Road, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1061. Suggested improvements may also be submitted using DA Form 1045 (Army Ideas for Excellence Program (AIEP) Proposal). Availability. This publication is distributed solely through the TRADOC Homepage at http://www.tradoc.army.mil/. * This pamphlet supersedes TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-14, dated 11 April 2003. 1 TRADOC Pam 525-7-4 Contents Paragraph Page Executive Summary i Chapter 1. Introduction Purpose 1-1 4 Functional Area 1-2 4 Scope 1-3 4 Relation to the Family of Army Functional Concepts 1-4 5 And Role of the Army in Space References 1-5 9 Explanation of Abbreviations and terms 1-6 9 Chapter 2. Concept Capability Plan Introduction 2-1 9 Operational Environment 2-2 10 Joint Interdependence 2-3 14 The Central Idea 2-4 18 The Plan 2-5 21 Summary 2-6 37 Chapter 3 Required Capabilities Introduction 3-1 38 Battle Command Space Enabled Capabilities 3-2 38 See Space Enabled Capabilities 3-3 39 Move Space Enabled Capabilities 3-4 40 Strike Space Enabled Capabilities 3-5 41 Protect Space Enabled Capabilities 3-6 42 Sustain Space Enabled Capabilities 3-7 43 Chapter 4 Bridging Current to Future Capabilities Introduction 4-1 44 Assessment of Battle Command Related Space Enabler 4-2 44 Assessment of See Space Enabled ISR 4-3 56 Assessment of Strike Related Space Enablers 4-4 57 Assessment of Protect Related Space Enablers 4-5 59 Assessment of Move Related Space Enabled 4-6 60 Assessment of Sustain Related Space Enabled 4-7 61 2 TRADOC Pam 525-7-4 Contents (continued) Paragraph Page Chapter 5 Operational Architecture Army Space Operations Operational Architecture. 5-1 62 High-Level Concept Graphics–Shaping and Entry Operations 5-2 63 High-Level Concept Graphic- Decisive Operations 5-3 64 Chapter 6 DOTMLPF Integrated Questions List Introduction 6-1 66 Doctrine 6-2 66 Organization 6-3 67 Training 6-4 68 Materiel 6-5 68 Leadership and Education 6-6 60 Personnel 6-7 70 Facilities 6-8 70 Chapter 7 Hypothesis Testing- War-gaming and Experimentation Study Questions Introduction 7-1 71 Experimentation 7-2 71 Models and Simulations (M&S) 7-3 72 Concept Development and Experimentation (CD&E) 7-4 72 Wargaming 7-5 73 Past and Future Experimentation and Wargames 7-6 73 Study Questions 7-7 73 Chapter 8 Alternative CCP Introduction 8-1 74 Future CCP and JCIDS Efforts 8-2 74 Appendix A. References 75 Appendix B. Master Roll Up Consolidated Listing of Derived Space 77 Enabled Capabilities Glossary 87 3 TRADOC Pam 525-7-4 Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1. Purpose. The Purpose of this Concept Capability Plan (CCP) is to identify required space- enabled capabilities based on a detailed analysis of the nine Army concepts. a. The identification of these capabilities will provide a coherent way ahead for the further examination of potential DOTMLPF solutions. These potential solutions will enable Army operations at all echelons across the spectrum of conflict. Army space operations are not the exclusive domain of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command or any single branch or functional proponent. The space domain, and the systems and enablers using this domain, is central to achieving the future Modular Force envisioned in the joint and Army concepts. b. This CCP provides for the integration of Army space operations for the future Modular Force and will result in an Army space operations focused CBA involving many different proponents. The CCP presents technical and non-technical capabilities, used by a wide range of proponents, that enable the effective application of space-based assets and capabilities in an interdependent, joint, and multinational environment. It describes how Army forces integrate the power of national, civil, and commercial space-based assets. c. The plan discusses the application of existing and emerging joint and Army thought and identifies capabilities required for the optimum use of the space domain in support of future Modular Force operations. The Army space operations CBA will identify DOTMLPF solutions or solution sets for Army space operations capability gaps in the 2015–2024 timeframe. Experiments, tests and exercises are needed to mitigate the risk inherent in developing and fielding these ideas. d. Finally, this plan will serve as a dynamic living document and replaces TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-14 Concept for Space Operations in Support of the Future Force, 11 April 2003. 1-2. Functional Area. The Army Space Operations CCP identifies capabilities required to execute Army operations in the 2015–2024 timeframe. This plan reaches across the Joint Functional Areas of Battlespace Awareness, Command and Control, Force Application, Focused Logistics, and Sustainment. Additionally, this plan is fully nested in the Army concept strategy documents from the Capstone Concept, The Army in Joint Operations, and through the six Army functional concepts. 1-3. Scope. The scope of Army space operations as depicted in this CCP is consistent with current joint and Army concepts, and focuses on the time frame 2015–2024. The primary basis for analysis are the Capstone Concept for Joint Operations, joint operating concepts (JOC) of Major Combat Operations, Homeland Defense and Civil Support Operations, Stability and Support Operations, and Deterrence Operations, the Army’s Future Force capstone concept, The Army in Joint Operations 2015–2024, and the Army Operational Maneuver and Tactical Maneuver concepts. 4 TRADOC Pam 525-7-4 1-4. Relation to the Family of Army Functional Concepts and Role of the Army in Space. a. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-0, The Army in Joint Operations: The Army’s Future Force Capstone Concept, reinforces the fact that Army forces will conduct operations as an integrated component of a joint force and will depend on the capabilities from other Services to maximize effectiveness. It is within this context that the campaign is linked firmly to theater strategy and the operations must establish early, sustained control of the air, land, sea, space, and information domains. The capstone concept lays out seven key operational ideas across the spectrum of conflict to achieve full spectrum dominance. Space-based systems and capabilities are contributing enablers to each of the seven operational ideas and an integral component of network-enabled battle command. The concept describes the future Modular Force as a “…space-empowered force…” that will “…routinely exploit the constellation of military and civilian space platforms for persistent surveillance, reconnaissance, communications, early warning, positioning, timing, navigation, weather, environmental monitoring, missile defense, and access to the global information grid.”1 b. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1, The U.S. Army Operating Concept for Operational Maneuver, addresses the operational level of war and focuses on the ways and means by which future Modular Force commanders link a broad array of tactical actions to achieve a joint force commander’s campaign objectives. The concept presents a detailed discussion of the seven key operational ideas identified in the Army capstone concept and how they are applied at the operational level of war. The concept reinforces the idea that the Army is a space-empowered force and recognizes the threat’s access to a wide array of space-based capabilities and the dependence of Army forces on space enablers. In its discussion of space, the concept goes beyond the traditional space force enhancement capabilities to describe a, “…layered redundancy and improved capabilities to help resolve many current operational challenges (such as, fleeting target engagement or limits on range and mobility of terrestrial communications).”2 The concept characterizes space-enabled capabilities as “critical enablers for implementation of the fundamental principles of the operational maneuver concept, particularly with respect to achieving information superiority, creating situational understanding, and operating within the high tempo, non-contiguous simultaneous framework of distributed operations.” 3 c. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-2, The U.S. Army Operating Concept for Tactical Maneuver, describes the future Modular Force within the framework of tactical operations—battles and engagements. The concept presents a detailed discussion of five key ideas as defining the most important vectors of change in tactical operations. Underpinning these five key ideas is the need to develop and maintain a deep understanding of the increasingly complex tactical environment.4 The key ideas are: • Simultaneous and continuous operations. • Decisive maneuver—new tactical paradigm. • Routine employment of joint capabilities at tactical level. 1 TP 525-3-0, The Army in Joint Operations, 7 April 2005, pg. 34. 2 TP 525-3-1, Operating Concept for Operational Maneuver, 2 October 2006, pg. 42l 3 Ibid, pg 42l 4 TP 525-3-2, Operating Concept for Tactical Maneuver, 2 October 2006, pgs 21-30l 5 TRADOC Pam 525-7-4 • Self-synchronizing and cooperative engagement. • The quality of firsts. d. To achieve this level of situational understanding, the concept describes space-enabled capabilities such as near real-time, digitized terrain updates, and precision position, navigation and timing data as becoming increasingly more important to the new tactical paradigm. e. The final concept documents describing the Army’s role in the future Modular Force are the six Army functional concepts: Battle Command, See, Move, Strike, Protect and Sustain. The functional concepts describe the Army capabilities needed to conduct successful operational and tactical maneuver. The following paragraphs address each Army functional concept and identify capabilities enabled by space-based systems. (1) Battle Command. The Battle Command functional concept provides a visualization of how Army future Modular Force commanders will exercise command and control of Army operations in a joint, interagency, and multinational environment. The battle command function is a blend of the cognitive and the technical. It is achieved by combining the art of well prepared leaders with the enabling science and technical systems of the future Modular Force. Many of the key ideas within the Battle Command functional concept relate to or are enabled by space- based systems.5 These include: • Collaborative planning; accelerated military decision making process (MDMP). • Information and decision superiority. • A single, integrated Army battle command system. • Interagency and multinational interoperability and integration. • Horizontal and vertical fusion. (2) See. The See functional concept describes how the future Modular Force will acquire and generate knowledge of itself, its opponent and the operational environment. The function of seeing and creating knowledge of the operational environment is the essential element of transforming to a knowledge-based, net-enabled force capable of seeing first, understanding first, acting first and finishing decisively. Every aspect of future Modular Force operations derives increased effectiveness through the ability to see and know, and from that, the ability to anticipate. Space-based systems and enablers are critical to the main ideas put forward in this concept.6 The ideas that may be supported by space enablers include: • Acquisition of data from organic and non-organic sources including joint and interagency. This includes the subordinate functions of gathering, collecting and fusing. • Transforming data through the rapid and continuous fusion of data and analysis of information to produce knowledge, across all domains and disciplines to develop relevant knowledge. • The provision of timely, precise and tailored knowledge input to the command for decision-making, force application, movement, protection and sustainment. 5 TP 525-3-3 Battle Command Functional Concept 2015-2024, Coordinating Draft, 15 August 2005, pgs. 8-15. 6 TP 525-2-1 See Functional Concept 2015-2024, Coordinating Draft 5 August 2005, pg 1 and pgs 14-16. 6