Andrews 1 (Re)Defining Afghan Women Characters as Modern Archetypes using Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns and Asne Seierstad’s The Bookseller of Kabul A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences In Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts in English By Alexandra Andrews 27 April 2016 Andrews 2 Liberty University College of Arts and Sciences Master of Arts in English Alexandra Andrews: _____________________________________________________________________________ Thesis Chair Date ______________________________________________________________________________ First Reader Date ______________________________________________________________________________ Second Reader Date Andrews 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Yaw. I am a better writer and researcher because of him. I would also like to thank Dr. M. Schmidt and Dr. S. Bell for encouraging me to explore different critics and perspectives so that I could form my own argument. I’d also like to thank my family for always believing in me. Lastly, thank you, Luke, for pushing me to start the thesis. Andrews 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………... 4 Introduction: Hosseini and Seierstad and Their Views Regarding Afghan Women’s Journey from Bondage to Freedom …………………………………………............................................. 5 Chapter 1: Importance of Historical Context in Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns and Seierstad’s The Bookseller of Kabul …………………………………………………………… 15 Chapter 2: Modern Archetypes: Mariam and Laila from A Thousand Splendid Suns ………… 31 Chapter 3: Heroines?: Making a Case for Sharifa and Leila from The Bookseller of Kabul ….. 57 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………... 85 Works Cited ……………………………………………………………………………………. 89 Andrews 5 Introduction: Hosseini and Seierstad and Their Views Regarding Afghan Women’s Journey from Bondage to Freedom Middle-Eastern women, specifically Afghan women, are often misunderstood. Beyond the stereotypical media representations of Afghan women as submissive and in need of liberation, most people outside Afghan society lack knowledge about these women. Much of the challenge stems from hearing repugnant stories about infants and female teenagers being married to elderly men, or seeing offensive images of abused women covered from head-to-foot with the traditional burqa1. Due to these negative depictions, those who rely mainly on the media often make quick conclusions about this culture. However, international authors, Khaled Hosseini and Asne Seierstad, among other authors, use storytelling to suggest that beneath the appearance of submission, Afghan women are reinventing themselves. Both Hosseini and Seierstad bridge the gap between stereotypical views and the realities of Afghan culture through storytelling. In their works, Afghan female characters strive for freedom in spite of the limits imposed on them by their families, religion, and patriarchal society. In a sense, the women are portrayed as fighting to reinvent themselves as modern archetypes instead of traditionally subjugated females. Hosseini’s interest in Afghan women’s quest for freedom began when he visited Kabul, Afghanistan in 2003—23 years after he first left his homeland. Before this trip, Hosseini was already an established writer, having written New York Times bestseller The Kite Runner, but after visiting the Afghan people and witnessing first-hand how difficult life was, particularly for women, he began to focus on Afghan women and their desire for freedom in his second novel, A 1 Burqa: “the burqa that covers the woman’s entire body and head, with a mesh screening the eyes, is a regional style of female clothing characteristic of the Pashtun ethnic group. The burqa had existed in that region well before the advent of Islam and was the mode of dress worn by respectable woman of any social class. After the Taliban took over Afghanistan in the 1990s, its use became more widespread and was imposed on women as the most, if not the only, religiously appropriate attire” (Amer 61-2). Andrews 6 Thousand Splendid Suns. In an interview conducted by npr.com, he reflects on his experience of meeting some of the women in Kabul: “[W]hen I went there and I saw the enormity of the suffering that people had gone through, . . . you wonder why you were spared all of that and whether you have made good use of the good fortune that for sheer luck you’ve been granted.” That ‘good fortune’ includes the talent of writing or storytelling, and Hosseini’s personal connection (or lack thereof) to his native land was a prominent factor that contributed to his writing. Commenting on Hosseini’s talent as a writer, Sherie Posesorski describes the novel as “horrifyingly vivid as a documentary film. As you read, your belief in these two women becomes so intense that you feel their pain and joy as you would your own” (n.p.). In a way, revisiting his homeland as an adult allowed him to uncover much of the oppression that he was previously ignorant of because he saw Afghanistan in a new way. Also, hearing Afghan women’s stories about decades of war and constant oppression helped Hosseini to write about the Afghan women’s experience. Hosseini’s journey to Kabul and the interviews he conducted convicted him to share with non-Afghans what it means to endure suffering and desire hope. Unlike his previous novel, The Kite Runner, where he focuses heavily on male relationships, Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns highlights Afghan women and their roles in a patriarchal society. As Hosseini states in a BookBrowse interview, “A Thousand Splendid Suns is, in some ways, a more ambitious book than my first novel . . . I was performing a perpetual balancing act in writing about the intimate—the inner lives of the characters—and depicting the external world that exerts pressure on the characters and forces their fate” (n.p.). Part of the inner lives and external world that Hosseini wrote about is the lives and ambitions of two women in burqas, who are different from the Afghan women Hosseini grew up with in the 1970s. As Rebecca Stuhr explains, “[Hosseini] was raised at a time in Afghanistan when women were free Andrews 7 to attend schools . . . [and he] hopes this novel brings depth, nuance, and emotional subtext to the familiar image of the burqa-clad women walking down a dusty street” (4). From this, one can argue that Hosseini wrote his second novel to make important points: that not all Afghan women of the past, present, and future are bound to remain oppressed, and that the women behind the veils have inner lives and aspirations. In doing so, he focuses on the humanity of women behind the burqas, such as their talents and ambitions. Similar to Hosseini, Norwegian journalist Asne Seierstad’s portrayal of Afghan life is appealing because of her direct interaction with the people. Approximately three weeks after 9/11 occurred, Seierstad decided to risk her life and discover what life was like for people living in Afghanistan. Seierstad willingly disguised her identity underneath the burqa when she was out in public to experience the limitations forced on women, but also freely interacted with men to understand their freedoms in this patriarchal society. While in Afghanistan, Seierstad felt compelled to write a novel about one Afghan family because of what she witnessed and learned firsthand. Similar to Hosseini, who sat down and listened to individual accounts of women living in Afghanistan, Seierstad decided that The Bookseller of Kabul would be a way to share with others what life in a war-torn environment is like, especially for females. Unlike in her previous works where Seierstad gives her opinions about specific events or people, The Bookseller of Kabul attempts to give authority to its characters and their individual stories. Since storytelling is used to give a voice to individual experiences within the Khan family, the stories reflect human identity. Seierstad explains this further in an interview conducted when she states that “The family is the single most important institution in Afghan culture . . . If we can’t understand the Afghan family, we can’t understand Afghanistan” (Hill 2010). By limiting her scope to just one family and their struggles, hopes, and dreams, Seierstad Andrews 8 demonstrates that individual stories matter. She says at the beginning of The Bookseller of Kabul, “I did not choose my family because I wanted it to represent all other families but because it inspired me” (xv), emphasizing that every family is different. In sum, Seierstad, like Hosseini, sat down and interviewed Afghan people to get a sense of what life was like pre- and post- Taliban, and it is because of the powerful stories that she heard that she, too, decided it was necessary to write a narrative. Also, since Seierstad focuses on one family, she hopes that telling this story will help readers imagine that there are millions of other untold stories in Afghanistan. In order to better understand the women in Hosseini’s and Seierstad’s novels, it is necessary to identify Afghan storytelling techniques, and examine if the female characters embody the same traits one would see in a typical Afghan story. First, since the majority of Afghans cannot read or write, “Afghanistan remains a primarily oral society,” suggesting that stories are often passed down orally (Health and Zahedi 60). Second, since stories are passed down orally, folktales become a way to understand one’s heritage and history. Third, Afghan storytelling researcher and expert, Margaret Mills, suggests that female characters are often portrayed as tricksters (237). In both novels, women use forms of trickery to protect themselves and illustrate their authority. Fourth, many Afghan stories have “gender centering,” which means that the author traditionally focuses on a specific sex in his or her work, and also, male characters are usually portrayed as the leaders who work outside of the home, while women hold responsibilities in the home. Fifth, Mills notes that when women are the main characters in stories, they become heroines because of the adventures or journeys they experience. Though five popular and traditional Afghan storytelling techniques have been mentioned, only three will be expanded upon: that Afghan female characters use trickery or manipulation to demonstrate power, that gender-centering allows the authors to redefine what constitutes ‘an Afghan woman’ Andrews 9 in the narrative and, finally, when women are the main characters of a given work, they typically undergo a journey of transformation that enables them to become heroines. Though there are many male characters in both novels, the focus of this study is on Afghan women and their quest for freedom from oppression. Out of all the females in both novels, only four will be analyzed: Mariam and Laila from A Thousand Splendid Suns, and Sharifa and Leila from The Bookseller of Kabul. Though these women do not reflect every Afghan woman, their perspectives and actions represent an ideal that women in oppressive environments desire to be free. Moreover, these women are particularly interesting because Mariam and Sharifa follow the traditions of the culture, while Laila and Leila refuse to follow tradition, but their desire to escape oppression and embrace freedom is what unites them all. Through their efforts, the women in Hosseini’s and Seierstad’s novels become modern archetypes because they influence modern day behaviors and attitudes. As Sophon Shadraconis explains, an “archetype [in this sense] guides mental use of images and symbols to conform to certain themes or motifs that are found everywhere” (1). First, instead of the women accepting their fate, they build a tight community with other women to create their own space and discourse to fight injustices. By creating their own space, they illustrate a desire for independence. They also risk their lives and do not allow fear to hold them back from going after freedom. Since they do not allow fear to get in their way, they are represented as heroic because they endanger their lives to escape bondage. In addition, they use both traditional and untraditional techniques associated with the oppressed to demonstrate their power, such as manipulation and trickery, resistance during intimacy, and choosing death instead of life. Lastly, despite living in a patriarchal society where males dominate and oppress women, the women Andrews 10 remain hopeful, and because of this, they encourage others battling oppressive forces to remain optimistic. Joseph Campbell suggests in A Hero with a Thousand Faces that a heroic archetype undergoes a journey of transformation through different stages, including departure, initiation, and return. As such, the female characters participate in a journey where they experience transformation and form a new identity. The women take strides to make their dreams a reality, such as risking their lives to gain an education, or enduring abusive relationships to protect others from further violence. In the process, the women’s actions allow them to break away and reconstruct their identity in terms of self-definition and self-realization that is different from traditional views of Afghan women. Lindsay E. Rankin and Alice H. Eagly suggest that “observation of [such] heroic women can change the perception of women in general” (421), and since the women represented in both novels take risks and remain courageous instead of fearful and weak, the audience gains a new perspective of these Afghan women characters as modern archetypes whose pursuit for freedom entails a quest for a new identity and a new perception of women. In addition to the heroic nature of the women, they are also modern in their pursuits because they attempt to break away from their traditional roles, expectations, or fates, and choose new callings of a sacrificial nature. For instance, the term ‘hero’ is often understood to be masculine in nature, but as a study performed by Rankin and Eagly revealed, if women are placed in certain circumstances, they will risk their lives to help those in need because women are generally viewed as nurturing. Rankin and Eagly go on to suggest that “women do behave heroically in situations that involve risk to the hero and benefit to others, albeit usually in contexts that are unlikely to yield widespread public recognition for heroism” (415). Likewise,