Debating Nationalism DEBATES IN WORLD HISTORY Series Editor: Peter N. Stearns, George Mason University, USA Editorial Board: Marc Jason Gilbert (Hawaii Pacific University, USA), Heather Streets-Salter (Northeastern University, USA), Sadiah Qureshi (University of Birmingham, UK) Bloomsbury’s Debates in World History series presents students with accessible primers to the key debates in the field of world history, from classic debates, such as the great divergence, through to cutting-edge current developments. These are short, argumentative texts that will encourage undergraduate level history students to engage in the practice of doing history. Published: Debating the Industrial Revolution, Peter N. Stearns Debating Modern Revolution, Jack R. Censer Debating Genocide, Lisa Pine Forthcoming: Debating the Great Divergence, Michael Adas, Joseph Schmidt, and Joseph J. Gilch Debating Gender, April Haynes Debating Nationalism The Global Spread of Nations FLORIAN BIEBER BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2020 Copyright © Florian Bieber, 2020 Florian Bieber has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. For legal purposes the Acknowledgments on p. ix constitute an extension of this copyright page. Cover image: 1914, Map of Europe by W. Trier (© akg-images/Alamy Stock Photo) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: HB: 978-1-3500-9811-4 PB: 978-1-3500-9810-7 ePDF: 978-1-3500-9813-8 eBook: 978-1-3500-9812-1 Series: Debates in World History Typeset by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters. For Marijana and Oskar vi Contents List of Figures and Tables viii Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction 1 2 The Beginnings of Nationalism and Nations 21 3 The Spread of Nationalism and Nation-states in Europe 35 4 The Global Spread of Nationalism and Decolonization 67 5 Nationalism after the Establishment of the Nation- state 99 6 Ethnic Conflict 129 7 Migration and the Politics of Diversity 159 8 New Nationalism and Populism 187 9 Further Reading and a Guide to Key Debates 213 Notes 219 Index 239 Figures and Tables Figures 6.1 Dynamics of nationalism 130 6.2 Trends in armed conflict 156 Tables 1.1 Conceptualizing nationalism 15 Acknowledgments Nationalism and the importance of nations have been with me since childhood. Growing up in the multilingual and multinational environment of Luxembourg, where living with different nations, hearing and speaking multiple languages was normal. There, I identified as European and have since continued to do so, while being aware that this identity is itself heterogenous and confronted with the persistence of nationalism. It is radical nationalism and the wars fought on the grounds of national claims that enabled me to understand and explore the post-Yugoslav space. Not some tribal and supposedly ancient hatred could explain nationalism and mass violence there, but rather the persistence of nationalism as a powerful force in today’s world provided for an explanation that extends well beyond Southeastern Europe. I am grateful to Bloomsbury and Peter N. Stearns for giving me the opportunity to reflect more broadly, both in terms of space and time on the rise of nations. Over the years, I have benefited greatly from the intellectual community of the Association for the Study of Nationalities. The conventions, the journal Nationalities Papers— which I had the pleasure to edit for four years—and the exchange with colleagues, have been an inspiration and a source of continuous learning. Furthermore, I am particularly grateful to the students who contributed to the classes on nationalism I have had the pleasure to teach at the University of Graz, the Central European University, Cornell University, and the Universities of Sarajevo and Belgrade. Their questions and thoughts have been a great guide for clarifying my thinking on nationalism. I am also grateful to Ethnopolitics for having published a symposium on my article “Is Nationalism on the Rise? Assessing Global Trends” (Ethnopolitics 17, no. 5 [2018]: 519–540), which I draw on in Chapters 1 and 8, and the insightful comments by Erin Jenne,