40th Anniversary Edition D A T A B A S E P R O C E S S I N G FUNDAMENTALS, DESIGN, AND IMPLEMENTATION David M. Kroenke David J. Auer Scott L. Vandenberg Robert C. Yoder FIFTEENTH EDITION OTHER MIS TITLES OF INTEREST Introductory MIS Decision Support Systems Experiencing MIS, 8/e Business Intelligence, Analytics, and Data Kroenke & Boyle ©2019 Science, 4/e Sharda, Delen & Turban ©2018 Using MIS, 10/e Kroenke & Boyle ©2018 Business Intelligence and Analytics: Systems for Decision Support, 10/e Management Information Systems, 15/e Sharda, Delen & Turban ©2014 Laudon & Laudon ©2018 Data Communications & Networking Essentials of MIS, 13/e Laudon & Laudon ©2019 Applied Networking Labs, 2/e Boyle ©2014 Processes, Systems, and Information: An Introduction to MIS, 3/e Digital Business Networks McKinney & Kroenke ©2019 Dooley ©2014 Information Systems Today, 8/e Business Data Networks and Security, 11/e Valacich & Schneider ©2018 Panko & Panko ©2019 Introduction to Information Systems, 3/e Electronic Commerce Wallace ©2018 E-commerce 2018: Business. Technology. Database Society, 14/e Laudon & Traver ©2019 Hands-on Database, 2/e Conger ©2014 Enterprise Resource Planning Modern Database Management, 13/e Enterprise Systems for Management, 2/e Hoffer, Ramesh & Topi ©2019 Motiwalla & Thompson ©2012 Database Concepts, 8/e Kroenke, Auer, Vandenberg & Yoder ©2018 Project Management Database Processing, 15/e Project Management: Process, Technology Kroenke, Auer, Vandenberg & Yoder ©2019 and Practice Vaidyanathan ©2013 Systems Analysis and Design Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 8/e Hoffer, George & Valacich ©2017 Systems Analysis and Design, 10/e Kendall & Kendall ©2019 40th Anniversary Edition FIFTEENTH EDITION D A T A B A S E P R O C E S S I N G FUNDAMENTALS, DESIGN, AND IMPLEMENTATION David M. Kroenke David J. Auer Western Washington University Scott L. Vandenberg Siena College Robert C. Yoder Siena College Vice President, IT & Careers: Andrew Gilfillan Vice President, Product Model Management: Jason Fournier Senior Portfolio Manager: Samantha Lewis Senior Product Model Manager: Eric Hakanson Managing Producer: Laura Burgess Lead, Production and Digital Studio: Heather Darby Associate Content Producer: Stephany Harrington Digital Studio Course Producer: Jaimie Noy Portfolio Management Assistant: Madeline Houpt Program Monitor: SPi Global Director of Product Marketing: Brad Parkins Full-Service Project Management Product Marketing Manager: Heather Taylor and Composition: Cenveo® Publisher Services Product Marketing Assistant: Jesika Bethea Printer/Binder: LSC Communications Field Marketing Manager: Molly Schmidt Cover Printer: Phoenix Field Marketing Assistant: Kelli Fisher Text Font: 10/12 Mentor Pro Cover Image: Cover art “waterfall” by Donna Auer Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. 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Kroenke, David J. Auer, Western Washington University, Scott L. Vandenberg, Siena College, Robert C. Yoder, Siena College. Description: 15th edition, 40th anniversary edition. | Boston : Pearson, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017041164| ISBN 9780134802749 | ISBN 0134802748 Subjects: LCSH: Database management. Classification: LCC QA76.9.D3 K7365 2018 | DDC 005.74—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017041164 ISBN 10: 0-13-480274-8 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-480274-9 Brief Contents PART 1 ■ Getting Started 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 2 Introduction to Structured Query Language 38 PART 2 ■ Database Design 145 Chapter 3 The Relational Model and Normalization 146 Chapter 4 Database Design Using Normalization 191 Chapter 5 Data Modeling with the Entity-Relationship Model 212 Chapter 6 Transforming Data Models into Database Designs 267 PART 3 ■ Database Implementation 323 Chapter 7 SQL for Database Construction and Application Processing 324 Chapter 8 Database Redesign 424 PART 4 ■ Multiuser Database Processing 453 Chapter 9 Managing Multiuser Databases 454 Chapter 10 Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2017, Oracle Database, and MySQL 5.7 490 Online Chapter: See page 495 for Instructions Chapter 10A Managing Databases with Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Online Chapter: See page 495 for Instructions Chapter 10B Managing Databases with Oracle Database Online Chapter: See page 495 for Instructions Chapter 10C Managing Databases with MySQL 5.7 PART 5  ■ Database Access Standards 497 Chapter 11 The Web Server Environment 498 Chapter 12 Data Warehouses, Business Intelligence Systems, and Big Data 569 Online Appendices: See page 620 for Instructions Appendix A Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016 Appendix B Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design Appendix C E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards Appendix D Getting Started with Microsoft Visio 2016 Appendix E Getting Started with the MySQL Workbench Data Modeling Tools Appendix F The Semantic Object Model Appendix G Physical Database Design and Data Structures for Database Processing Appendix H Getting Started with Web Servers, PHP, and the NetBeans IDE Appendix I XML Appendix J Business Intelligence Systems Appendix K Big Data Appendix L JSON and Document Databases iii This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword to the 40th Anniversary Edition xvii Preface xxv PART 1 ■ Getting Started 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 2 Chapter Objectives 2 The Importance of Databases in the Internet and Smartphone World 3 The Characteristics of Databases 5 A Note on Naming Conventions 7 • A Database Has Data and Relationships 7 • Databases Create Information 9 Database Examples 10 Single-User Database Applications 10 • Multiuser Database Applications 10 • E-Commerce Database Applications 11 • Reporting and Data Mining Database Applications 11 The Components of a Database System 11 Database Applications and SQL 12 • The DBMS 15 • The Database 16 Personal Versus Enterprise-Class Database Systems 18 What Is Microsoft Access? 18 • What Is an Enterprise-Class Database System? 19 Database Design 21 Database Design from Existing Data 21 • Database Design for New Systems Development 23 • Database Redesign 23 What You Need to Learn 24 A Brief History of Database Processing 25 The Early Years 25 • The Emergence and Dominance of the Relational Model 27 • Postrelational Developments 28 Summary 30 • Key Terms 31 • Review Questions 32 • Exercises 34 Chapter 2: Introduction to Structured Query Language 38 Chapter Objectives 38 Cape Codd Outdoor Sports 39 Business Intelligence Systems and Data Warehouses 40 The Cape Codd Outdoor Sports Extracted Retail Sales Data Database 41 • The RETAIL_ ORDER Table 44 • The ORDER_ITEM Table 44 • The SKU_DATA Table 45 • The BUYER Table 45 • The CATALOG_SKU_20## Tables 46 • The Complete Cape Codd Data Extract Schema 46 • Data Extracts Are Common 47 SQL Background 47 The SQL SELECT/FROM/WHERE Framework 49 Reading Specified Columns from a Single Table 49 • Specifying Column Order in SQL Queries from a Single Table 51 Submitting SQL Statements to the DBMS 52 Using SQL in Microsoft Access 2016 52 • Using SQL in Microsoft SQL Server 2017 58 • Using SQL in Oracle Database 61 • Using SQL in Oracle MySQL 5.7 63 v vi Contents SQL Enhancements for Querying a Single Table 66 Reading Specified Rows from a Single Table 66 • Reading Specified Columns and Rows from a Single Table 70 • Sorting the SQL Query Results 70 • SQL WHERE Clause Options 73 Performing Calculations in SQL Queries 80 Using SQL Built-in Aggregate Functions 81 • SQL Expressions in SQL SELECT Statements 85 Grouping Rows in SQL SELECT Statements 88 Querying Two or More Tables with SQL 93 Querying Multiple Tables with Subqueries 93 • Querying Multiple Tables with Joins 96 • Comparing Subqueries and Joins 102 • The SQL JOIN ON Syntax 102 • SQL Queries on Recursive Relationships 106 • Outer Joins 107 • Using SQL Set Operators 111 Summary 115 • Key Terms 116 • Review Questions 117 • Exercises 124 • Case Questions 129 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 133 • Morgan Importing Project Questions 140 PART 2 ■ Database Design 145 Chapter 3: The Relational Model and Normalization 146 Chapter Objectives 146 Relational Model Terminology 148 Relations 148 • Characteristics of Relations 149 • Alternative Terminology 151 • To Key, or Not to Key—That Is the Question! 152 • Functional Dependencies 152 • Finding Functional Dependencies 154 • Keys 157 Normal Forms 161 Modification Anomalies 161 • A Short History of Normal Forms 162 • Normalization Categories 163 • From First Normal Form to Boyce-Codd Normal Form Step by Step 164 • Eliminating Anomalies from Functional Dependencies with BCNF 167 • Eliminating Anomalies from Multivalued Dependencies 177 • Fifth Normal Form 181 • Domain/Key Normal Form 181 Summary 181 • Key Terms 182 • Review Questions 183 • Exercises 185 • Case Questions 186 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 187 • Morgan Importing Project Questions 189 Chapter 4: Database Design Using Normalization 191 Chapter Objectives 191 Assess Table Structure 192 Designing Updatable Databases 193 Advantages and Disadvantages of Normalization 193 • Functional Dependencies 194 • Normalizing with SQL 194 • Choosing Not to Use BCNF 196 • Multivalued Dependencies 196 Designing Read-Only Databases 197 Denormalization 197 • Customized Duplicated Tables 198 Common Design Problems 200 The Multivalue, Multicolumn Problem 200 • Inconsistent Values 202 • Missing Values 203 • The General-Purpose Remarks Column 204 Summary 205 • Key Terms 206 • Review Questions 206 • Exercises 208 • Case Questions 209 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 209 • Morgan Importing Project Questions 210 Chapter 5: Data Modeling with the Entity-Relationship Model 212 Chapter Objectives 212 The Purpose of a Data Model 213 Contents vii The Entity-Relationship Model 213 Entities 214 • Attributes 214 • Identifiers 214 • Relationships 215 • Maximum Cardinality 217 • Minimum Cardinality 218 • Entity-Relationship Diagrams and Their Versions 219 • Variations of the E-R Model 219 • E-R Diagrams Using the IE Crow’s Foot Model 220 • Strong Entities and Weak Entities 222 • ID-Dependent Entities 222 • Non–ID-Dependent Weak Entities 223 • The Ambiguity of the Weak Entity 224 • Subtype Entities 225 Patterns in Forms, Reports, and E-R Models 227 Strong Entity Relationship Patterns 228 • ID-Dependent Relationship Patterns 231 • Mixed Identifying and Nonidentifying Relationship Patterns 238 • The For-Use-By Subtype Pattern 241 • Recursive Relationship Patterns 242 The Data Modeling Process 245 The College Report 246 • The Department Report 247 • The Department/Major Report 249 • The Student Acceptance Letter 249 Summary 252 • Key Terms 253 • Review Questions 253 • Exercises 256 • Case Questions 262 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 265 • Morgan Importing Project Questions 265 Chapter 6: Transforming Data Models into Database Designs 267 Chapter Objectives 267 The Purpose of a Database Design 268 Create a Table for Each Entity 268 Selecting the Primary Key 268 • Specifying Alternate Keys 271 • Specifying Column Properties 271 • Verify Normalization 278 Create Relationships 279 Relationships Between Strong Entities 279 • Relationships Using ID-Dependent Entities 283 • Relationships with a Weak Non–ID-Dependent Entity 287 • Relationships in Mixed Entity Designs 288 • Relationships Between Supertype and Subtype Entities 289 • Recursive Relationships 290 • Representing Ternary and Higher-Order Relationships 292 • Relational Representation of the Highline University Data Model 295 Design for Minimum Cardinality 296 Actions when the Parent Is Required 297 • Actions when the Child Is Required 299 • Implementing Actions for M-O Relationships 300 • Implementing Actions for O-M Relationships 301 • Implementing Actions for M-M Relationships 301 • Designing Special Case M-M Relationships 302 • Documenting the Minimum Cardinality Design 302 • An Additional Complication 304 • Summary of Minimum Cardinality Design 304 The View Ridge Gallery Database 305 View Ridge Gallery Database Summary of Requirements 305 • The View Ridge Data Model 306 • Database Design with Data Keys 307 • Minimum Cardinality Enforcement for Required Parents 308 • Minimum Cardinality Enforcement for the Required Child 310 • Column Properties for the View Ridge Database Design Tables 311 Summary 313 • Key Terms 316 • Review Questions 316 • Exercises 318 • Case Questions 319 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 321 • Morgan Importing Project Questions 321 PART 3 ■ Database Implementation 323 Chapter 7: SQL for Database Construction and Application Processing 324 Chapter Objectives 324 The Importance of Working with an Installed DBMS Product 325 The View Ridge Gallery Database 325 SQL DDL and DML 325 viii Contents Managing Table Structure with SQL DDL 327 Creating the VRG Database 327 • Using SQL Scripts 327 • Using the SQL CREATE TABLE Statement 328 • Variations in SQL Data Types and SQL/PSM 329 • Creating the VRG Database ARTIST Table 329 • Creating the VRG Database WORK Table and the 1: N ARTIST-to-WORK Relationship 332 • Implementing Required Parent Rows 333 • Implementing 1:1 Relationships 334 • Casual Relationships 334 • Creating Default Values and Data Constraints with SQL 335 • Creating the VRG Database Tables 336 • The SQL ALTER TABLE Statement 340 • The SQL DROP TABLE Statement 340 • The SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement 341 • The SQL CREATE INDEX Statement 341 SQL DML Statements 342 The SQL INSERT Statement 342 • Populating the VRG Database Tables 343 • The SQL UPDATE Statement 349 • The SQL MERGE Statement 350 • The SQL DELETE Statement 351 Using SQL Views 352 Using SQL Views to Hide Columns and Rows 355 • Using SQL Views to Display Results of Computed Columns 356 • Using SQL Views to Hide Complicated SQL Syntax 357 • Layering Built-in Functions 358 • Using SQL Views for Isolation, Multiple Permissions, and Multiple Triggers 360 • Updating SQL Views 361 Embedding SQL in Program Code 362 SQL/Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM) 364 • Using SQL User-Defined Functions 364 • Using SQL Triggers 367 • Using Stored Procedures 373 • Comparing User-Defined Functions, Triggers, and Stored Procedures 376 Summary 378 • Key Terms 380 • Review Questions 381 • Exercises 391 • Case Questions 395 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 409 • Morgan Importing Project Questions 416 Chapter 8: Database Redesign 424 Chapter Objectives 424 The Need for Database Redesign 425 SQL Statements for Checking Functional Dependencies 425 What Is a Correlated Subquery? 426 How Do I Analyze an Existing Database? 431 Reverse Engineering 432 • Dependency Graphs 433 • Database Backup and Test Databases 433 Changing Table Names and Table Columns 434 Changing Table Names 434 • Adding and Dropping Columns 436 • Changing a Column Data Type or Column Constraints 437 • Adding and Dropping Constraints 438 Changing Relationship Cardinalities 438 Changing Minimum Cardinalities 438 • Changing Maximum Cardinalities 439 Adding and Deleting Tables and Relationships 442 Forward Engineering 443 Summary 443 • Key Terms 445 • Review Questions 445 • Exercises 447 • Case Questions 448 • The Queen Anne Curiosity Shop Project Questions 449 • Morgan Importing Project Questions 450 PART 4 ■ Multiuser Database Processing 453 Chapter 9: Managing Multiuser Databases 454 Chapter Objectives 454 The Importance of Working with an Installed DBMS Product 455 Database Administration 455 Managing the Database Structure 456