The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 2010 26: 89-96 Curvothynnus gen. nov. erected for two unusual species of thynnine wasps (Hymenoptera: Thynnidae: Thynninae: Rhagigasterini) GRAHAM R. BROWN Research Associate, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory GPO Box 4646, Darwin NT0801, AUSTRALIA [email protected] ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The genus Curvothynnus is erected for two unusual species previously placed in Rhagigaster Guerin — R. laevigatus Smith and R. neptunus Turner. In this genus the pronotum of the male is distinctive in that the anterior surface is concave with the dorsal margin sublaminatcd and directed forward. Both species are redescribed, the female of the latter being described for the first time. A key to species is given as is a key to Australian genera in the tribe Rhagigasterini. Keywords: Northern Australia, Thynnidae, Thynninae, Rhagigasterini, Curvothynnus, Rhagigaster. INTRODUCTION revisions, the tribe Rhagigasterini has not been reviewed since Turner (1910). The genus Rhagigaster was erected by Guerin in 1838 The biology of the genus is unknown. Like other for a previously undescribed species of thynnine wasp, members of the Thynninae, species of Curvothynnus are Rhagigaster unicolor. The description was based on a single presumed to be idiobiont parasitoides of soil-dwelling male which had a distinctively elongate, parallel-sided scarab beetle larvae (that is, the adult female prevents further metasoma with the segments strongly depressed anteriorly development of the host larva by paralysing or killing it). and posteriorly such that the metasoma appeared filiform in However, this assumption is based on less than 20 records profile, and the apical spine of the hypopygium was strongly for the more than 1000 Australian species in the entire upturned apically. subfamily Thynninae (Brown 2005). It is also presumed that Since then approximately 60 additional species have the adults preferentially feed on the nectar of myrtaceous been described, mostly by Turner (1907), and a further 64 plants, although this is deduced from collecting records are yet to be described, all with these characteristics in the rather than testing food preferences in the field. male. Turner (1907) also divided the genus on the basis of Terminology follows Snodgrass (1941), Nauman the presence/absence of a transverse frontal carina below (1991) and Brown (1997a,b). Relative terms relating to the ocelli in the male. However, this carina is often present microsculpture are interpreted as follows: sparsely punctate but weakly developed and therefore difficult to interpret. As = punctures greater than two puncture-diameters apart; a consequence. Turner (1910) subsequently reversed this punctate = punctures at most two puncture-diameters decision without considering a more elaborate grouping apart, but never confluent; closely punctate = punctures of species. almost confluent; mgosely punctate = punctures partially It is now apparent that an examination of the male confluent; finely punctate = punctures small and shallow; genitalia is essential to detect cryptic genera and species coarsely punctate = punctures large and deep; obscurely (Brown 2008). Such an examination of all available punctate = punctures small, sparse, shallow and only visible specimens of Rhagigaster sensu Turner, 1910 confirms at certain angles. the existence of six groups that warrant generic status. Abbreviations. Morphological characters: Tl-7, These differences are also supported particularly by the metasomal tergites 1-7; SI—8, mctasomal sternites 1-8. microsculpture in both sexes and the shape of the last tergite Institutional abbreviations: AM, Australian Museum, of the male. These are given in more detail in the key to Sydney; ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, genera below. CSIRO, Canberra; BMNH, The Natural History Museum, This paper follows on from a revision of Umbothynnus London: CUO, Carlton University, Ottawa, Canada; Brown (2008) which was erected for Rhagigaster alexins MV, Museum Victoria, Melbourne; NSWA, Primary (Guerin) and seven new species, and is the second in a Industry, New South Wales, Orange; NTM, Museum and series of generic revisions. Although, no new species of Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (formerly Northern Curvothynnus gen. nov. are known, the two species are Territory Museum), Darwin; OUM, Oxford University reviewed within a new generic context. Apart from these two Museum, Oxford; QDPI. Primary Industries (Queensland 89 G. Brown Figs 1-4. Rhagigaster lyelli and Curvothynnus laevigatus, detail of heads: 1, R. lyelli, male; 2, C. laevigatus, male; 3, R. lyelli, female; 4, C. laevigatus, male head and pronotum. Scale lines: 1 = 0.4 mm; 2,4 = 0.5 mm; 3 = 0.25 mm. Department of Employment, Economic Development anti Curvothynnus, there are two other genera yet to be described. Innovation), Indooroopilly, Brisbane; QM, Queensland These genera are distinguished in the following key. Museum, Brisbane; UQIC, University of Queensland Insect This is the second paper in a series revising these genera Collection, St Lucia, Brisbane; WADA, Western Australian and follows that of Umbothynnus Brown (2008). Department of Agriculture, South Perth. Key to the Australian genera of Rhagigasterini SYSTEMAT1CS [Note: only one species of Umbothynnus is known from the female, and no attempt has been made here to separate this Rhagigasterini Ashmead, 1903 (sensu Turner 1910) genus in that sex from Rhytidothynnus] This tribe was erected by Ashmead (1903) in a key to 1 Male (winged). 2 genera. However, it lacked description, was ambiguous, Female (wingless) . 9 and associated unrelated genera. The tribe was redefined and formally described by Turner (1910) to include only 2(1) S8 rounded, not spinose, often fringed apically with three genera from Australia (Rhagigaster, Dimorphothymus short stout setae; T7 punctate, convex, not heavily Turner, Eirone Westwood) and Aelunts Klug from South sclerotised, not carinate.Eirone Westwood America. — S8 not rounded, apically spinose; T7 variable, not Turner (1907) divided Rhagigaster when he erected simply convex, truncate or rounded apically and Rhytidogaster. He later (Turner 1910) synonymised the usually variously carinate.3 two genera, but the genus was revived by Brown (2008) 3(2) T7 broadly truncate apically, truncation may be and given the replacement name Rhytidothynmis. marginally carinate but without other marginal Based on the structure of the male genitalia and other carinae, rarely slightly rounded, disc flat, punctate to characters, Rhagigaster Turner, 1910 comprises six species longitudinally multicarinate; clypeus with irregular, groups that warrant generic status. The majority of species inverted V-shaped carina; cuspis granulate. belong to Rhagigaster or Rhytidothynnus and, apart from .Dimorphothynnus Turner Thynnine wasps of the new genus Curvothynnus — T7 variable, convex at least basally with apical — T7 narrowly truncate or rounded apically, not raised, margin and carinae more complex, never broadly with or without alae; S8 unispinose; anterior margin truncate apically; clypeus not rugose-carinate; of pronotum rarely carinate; frons usually not cuspis not granulate...4 transversely carinate; dorsal margin of parameres not produced...8 4(3) Pronotum witli anterior margin of disc vertically raised, often carinate and always preceded by 8(7) Head widened such that face wider than high preapical transverse groove; anterior surface of .Umbothynnus Brown pronotum flat and vertical; head and thorax usually Head not widened, face not wider than h jh closely punctate to rugosely-punctatc; head as in .Rhytidothynnus Brown Fig. 1, vertex usually short, gena clearly visible 9(1) Mesothoracic coxae separated by lamellate bilobed throughout; mesoscutellum weakly curved, not mesostemal process... 10 strongly raised relative to, or produced over Mesostemal process absent.Eirone Westwood metanotum in profile . .[Rhagigaster sensu Turner] 5 10(9) T2 transversely multicarinate; T6 longitudinally — Pronotum with anterior margin of disc sublamellate rugose or multicarinate. and produced anteriorly such that anterior vertical .Dimorphothynnus Turner surface is concave, preapical transverse groove on T2 not transversely multicarinate; T6 usually not disc indistinct (Fig. 4); head and thorax sparsely longitudinally rugose or multicarinate . punctate; head in profile as in Fig. 2, vertex long .[Rhagigaster sensu Turner] 11 (behind eyes) long, gena mostly hidden ventrally; 11(10) Vertex with pair of punctate depressions, rarely mesoscutellum strongly raised relative to the represented by suborbicular areas of deep punctures metanotum and slightly produced over latter (in (with interstices not depressed) but then T6 notched profile).Curvothynnus gen. nov. and frons with yellow maculae.12 5(4) Tergites closely and finely setiferously punctate Vertex without punctate depressions; if frons with posterior to gradulus, setae usually forming yellow maculae then T6 not notched .13 transverse white bands; antennal prominence with strongly developed V-shaped carina; T7 with lateral 12(11) Frons deeply punctate, without underlying carinae which are usually strongly convergent reticulation; postgena not shortened. posteriorly and ending before apical margin; .Curvothynnus Brown gen. nov. basiparameres strongly produced posterodorsally — Frons with or without deep punctures, finely .genus ‘Z’ reticulate; postgenae short.genus ‘Z’ Tergites not closely and finely setiferously 13(11) Head and body deeply longitudinally rugose-punctate punctate posterior to gradulus, setae not forming or longitudinally multicarinate; eyes large, strongly transverse white bands; antennal prominence convex; frons with yellow maculae, or frons and variable; T7 rarely with strongly convergent lateral vertex orange; metasoma concolorous...genus ‘R’ carinae; basiparameres not strongly produced Head and body not deeply rugose-punctate, not posterodorsally . 6 multicarinate; eyes usually not large, not strongly 6(5) T7 produced, rounded and more or less flat apically; convex; frons with or without maculae; metasoma S8 unispinose; anterior margin of pronotum strongly concolorous, or apical two segments ferruginous. produced laterally; dorsal margin of parameres .14 strongly curved apically .genus ‘R’ 14(13) Longitudinal sulcus (Fig. 3) from inner orbit of T7 variable, if rounded apically, then either eye to near posterior margin of head (absent in strongly convex, or S8 trispinose; anterior margin R. cinerellus Turner, R. consanguineus (Turner) and of pronotum not produced laterally; dorsal margin R, reflexus Smith then body is smooth and densely of parameres usually not strongly curved apically setose and dorsal surface of propodeum is quadrate .7 and may be specialised ant parasitoids); frontal 7(6) T7 apically raised, usually as either convex process maculae usually present .Rhagigaster Guerin delineated by oblique sulci or as pentagonal area — Head without such sulci; propodeum not quadrate, (sometimes obscure), without alae or lateral carinae longer than wide; frontal maculae absent. (although posterior margin may be carinate e.g. .Rhytidothynnus Brown R. nxarginatus Turner); S8 uni- or trispinose; anterior margin of pronotum usually carinate (Fig. 1); frons at least weakly transversely carinate; dorsal margin of parameres produced or lobed .Rhagigaster Guerin sensu stricto 91 G. Brown Diagnosis. Male. Medium to large thynnine wasps, body length 12-29 mm, head and body sparsely and shallowly punctate, wings black with blue reflections; head with vertex and gena as in Fig. 2; disc of pronotum without transverse preapical groove and anterior margin curved forward that it is directed forward forming a vertically concavity (Fig. 4); and mesoscutellum (Fig. 7) strongly raised above, and slightly projecting over, the metanotum (in profile). Female. Medium to large, body length 11-21 mm. Vertex with a pair of punctate depressions (Figs 7-8, 17-18); frons not reticulate. Description. Male. Head in profile as in Fig. 2, vertex lengthened (behind eyes), gena mostly hidden ventrally; clypeus raised basally, flattened apically, with weakly developed inverted V-shaped carina, apical margin truncate to weakly emarginated (Fig. 9); antennae short, not reaching propodeum. segments less than 2x longer Fig. 5. Distribution of species of Curvothynnus: (cid:9650) = C. neptunus, than wide, apical segments arcuate; antennal prominence • = C. laevigatus. broadly U-shaped, raised, not carinate; transverse frontal Curvothynnus gen. nov. carina absent; pronotum weakly laterally produced, anterior (Figs 2,4-23) margin carinate, procurved and directed anteriorly such that Gender masculine. Type species here designated anterior surface is concave (Fig. 4); mesoscutellum angulate Rhagigaster laevigatus Smith, 1897. Recent, Champion Bay, in profile near metanotum (Fig. 7); mesosternum with North West Coast, Western Australia. transverse anteroventral carina that is less well developed Included species. C. laevigatus (Smith, 1879). comb, laterally and strongly emarginated medially; propodeum nov.; C. neptunus (Turner, 1907). comb. nov. angulate in profile (Fig. 7) with dorsal and posterior surfaces Figs 6-9. Curvothynnus laevigatus, male: 6, apex of abdomen, lateral; 7, mesoscutellum projecting above propodeum, lateral (a = mesoscutellum, b = propodeum, c = T1); 8, habitus; 9, front of head. Scale lines: 6,7,9 = 1 mm; 8 = 2 mm. 92 Thynnine wasps of the new genus Curvothynnus Figs 10,11. Curvothynnus laevigatus, female: 10, habitus; 11, head and pronotum. Scale lines: 10=1 cm; 11 = 0.5 mm. delineated; 2m-cu received distal in 1 r-m on M by distance less than half length of 1 r-m; metasoma elongate fusiform; T1 angulate in profile, wider than long; SI wider than long, medially raised; T7 convex, apex at least weakly produced, rounded and raised; SB concave dorsally, with strongly developed upwardly curved apical spine (Fig. 6), basal angles spinosc or angulate; paramere-basiparamere suture distinct; parameres without internal brush of setae; parapenal lobes and digitus absent (Figs 14-17). Colour. I lead and body black; wings black with violet reflections. Female. Clypeus raised medially, with inverted Y-shaped carina, apical margin emarginate; mandibles bidentate; maxillary palps 6-segmented; labial palps 4-segmented; Irons not reticulate; head with punctate depressions posterior to eyes (Figs 11-12, 21-22); head subrcctangular; pronotum weakly convex, not tuberculate, Figs 14-17. Curvothynnus spp., male genitalia: 14, C. laevigatus, not sulcate; dorsal surface of propodeum almost as long lateral; 15, C. laevigatus, dorsal; 16, C. neptunus, lateral; 17, as, or longer than, wide; T1 anteriorly truncate, anterior C. neptunus, dorsal. Scale line = 0.5 mm. angles not subtuberculate; T5 and S5 not tuberculate; T6 sub-triangular (Fig. 13) or subparallel (Fig. 23), punctate latter has a longitudinal setiferously punctate line from the to closely punctate. inner margin of the eye near the top posteriorly to almost Colour. Head and body dark brown to black. the posterior margin of the head. Distribution. Northern and north-eastern Australia, not Etymology. The generic name is derived from the inland (Fig. 5). Latin curvits and is a reference to the anterior margin of the Remarks. The orientation of the eye relative to the pronotum of the male which is bent forward. posteroventral margin of the head and the shape of the Key to species of Curvothynnus pronotum and mesoscutelum in the male are unique and diagnostic within the tribe. Other characters that distinguish Male this genus from Rliagigaster include the Irons being without 1 SB without lateral spines; T7 apically rounded; transverse carina such that the head is evenly curved paracuspis present (Figs 14-15); body length greater in profile from the vertex to the clypeus; the clypeus is than 20 mm.C. laevigatus (Smith) triangularly flattened and polished rather than convex, — S8 with lateral spines; T7 apically truncate; paracuspis carinate and punctuate; mesosternum with transverse absent (Figs 16-17); body length less than 20 mm.. anteroventral carina that is less well developed laterally and .C. neptunus (Turner) strongly emarginated medially rather than not carinate or Female emarginate; SI wider than long rather than vice versa and 1 Depressions on vertex broad and long (Figs 11-12); SB without a preapical spine on the dorsal margin (viewed head and thorax rugose-punctate; body length greater in profile).[The latter is a lateral expansion of the sternite than 15 mm .C. laevigatus (Smith) that closes the genital cavity vertrally.] — Depression on vertex short, narrow and lunulate; head Females are distinguished by the presence of a pair and thorax punctate (Figs 21-22); body length less of broad setiferously punctate depressions that run than 15 mm .C. neptunus (Turner) longitudinally from the frons to the vertex. These paired depressions are unique to this genus and undescribed genus “Z”. Curvothynnus is also close to Rliagigaster, but the 93 G. Brown Curvothynnus laevigatus (Smith) comb. nov. shallow, impunctate in T2, scrobiculate on T3-6 and S3-4, (Figs 2, 4, 5-15) punctate and obscure on S5-6, absent on S7. T1 truncate Rhagigaster laevigatus Smith. 1879: 176. Turner 1907: anteriorly, not tuberculate; SI weakly and broadly raised, 226; Kimsey & Brown 1993: 321 (lectotype designation). anterior V-shaped carina weakly produced ventrally; S2 Thymus levigatus Dalla Torre, 1897: 110. anteromedially subtuberculate; T7 rounded posteriorly; Material examined. Lectotype: BMNH, cf, Champion S8 with strongly angulate basal angles; genitalia as in Figs Bay, North West Coast, Western Australia. Paralectotype: 14-15, cuspis weakly hooked; paracuspis of medium length. BMNH, 19, same data as lectotype. Colour. Black; wings black with violet reflections. Additional (non-type) material examined. WESTERN Redescription of female. Body (Fig. 10) length AUSTRALIA: WADA, 1 cf, Kimberley Research Station 17-21 mm. Head (Figs 11-12) subrectangular, posterior near Kununurra, 4 March 1961, K.T. Richards; WADA, angles rounded; clypeus narrowly emarginate with inverted 19, Kimberley Research Station near Kununurra, 15 April Y-shaped carina; frons longitudinally rugose-punctate, 1962, K.T. Richards; UQIC, lcf, 19, Black Rock, 12 miles medially sulcate; depression behind eye broad, inner north of Kununurra, on Eucalyptus ?pruinosa, 6 March margin straight, outer margin indistinct, densely setose; 1973, E.M. Exley. NORTHERN TERRITORY: AN1C, vertex rugose-punctate, not medially depressed; gena lcf, UTS, 136°45’E, Rimbija Island, Wessel Islands, rugose-punctate; eyes large, elliptical; mandibles weakly 17 Feb. 1977, R.A. Barrett; MV, 2cf, 19, Borroloola, 26 bidentate. Pronotum flat, weakly depressed near posterior January—2 February 1912, G.F. Hill. QUEENSLAND: QM, angles, anterior angles not produced, rugose-punctate; lcf, 19, Weipa, 3—5 February 1976, G.B. Monteith; MV, mesoscutellum weakly convex, weakly narrowed posteriorly; lcf. Banks Island, Torres Strait, 1 June 1969, A. Neboiss; propodeum weakly convex, not laterally depressed, truncate NSWA, lcf. Cape York, Fauvel; NSWA, lcf. Cape York, posteriorly, not densely setose, rugose-punctate dorsally, 1907; ANIC, 2cf, 19, Cape York, 1909, FI. Elgner; ANIC, impunctate laterally with closely punctate dorsal margin, 2cf,Cape York. 1906, H. Elgner; MV, lcf. Westwood, 31 closely and finely punctate posteriorly. Metasoma with T1-5 December 1923, A.N. Burns; AM, lcf, Westwood, 20 and S1 -5 punctate; T1 truncate, anterior angles rounded; T5 November 1978, R. Eastwood; ANIC, 3cf, 19, De Sadly and S5 not produced; T6 (Fig. 13) subtriangular, not spinose, Range 63 miles north of Mareeba, 25 January 1973, J.G. longitudinally rugose-punctate. Brooks; UQIC, lcf, 19, Dimbulah, Fcbruaryl961, I C. Colour. Dark ferruginous to black. Cunningham; QDPI, lcf, 19, Dimbulah, February 1965; Distribution. Coast, coastal ranges and adjacent islands QDP1. QM 3cf.Townsville, 14-17 January 1900, F.P. Dodd; of northern and north-eastern Australia from Wyndham, ANIC, 1 cf,Townsville, January 1901, F.P. Dodd; AM, lcf, Western Australia, to Biggenden, Queensland (Fig. 5). Most Mackay, 1947, A. Marriage; ANIC, lcf, Rockhampton, records are south of about 16°S with the exception of Weipa May 1911. H. Brown; ANIC, lcf. Mount Walsh National on the Queensland coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Park, Biggenden, 9 January 1973, H. Frauca; QDPI, lcf, record for Geraldton, Western Australia, is much further Yinyarandi, 2 January 1936. south (and west) from all others and needs to be confirmed. Redescription of male. Body (Fig. 8) length Remarks. Turner (1907) considered this species rare. 21-29 mm; fore wing 13-20 mm; hind wing 11—14. Head While it is not common, there are now over 30 specimens (Fig. 9) rounded, not emarginate posteriorly, produced in collections. and subparallel behind eyes; mandibles bidentate, not Curvothynnus laevigatus is the largest known species tuberculate; clypeus truncate, weakly convex, with obscure in the Rhagigastcrini. inverted V-shaped carina, branches broad, clypeus punctate laterally, sparsely punctate medially; antennal prominence Curvothynnus neptunus (Turner) comb. nov. broadly U-shaped, not carinate, projecting to antennal (Figs 5, 9, 20-27) insertion; frons not transversely carinate, sparsely punctate, Rhagigaster neptunus Turner, 1907: 227. medially sulcate on lower half; vertex and gena sparsely Type Material. Holotype: OUM, cf. Port Essington, punctate. Pronotum as wide as head, sparsely punctate, Northern Territory. anterior margin strongly emarginate, strongly raised and Additional (non-type) material examined. produced anteriorly, carinate, not projecting laterally; NORTHERN TERRITORY: NTM, lcf, Adelaide River, mesoscutum, tegulae and mcsoscutellum sparsely and 13’14’S, 131’06’E, January 1996, G. Dally; NTM, lcf, shallowly punctate; mesoscutellum strongly convex, weakly Adelaide River, 13°I4’S, 13U06’E, 20 December 1995, medially carinate, triangular; metanotum sparsely punctate, G.R. Brown & G. Dally; ANIC, NTM, 8cf, 69, Brocks below level of mesoscutellum; propodeum (Fig. 7) obliquely Creek, Burnside, 18-22 Apr. 1929, T.G. Campbell; QDPI, truncate posteriorly, not transversely carinate, sparsely QM, 2cf, Darwin, G.F. Hill; NTM, 1 cf, Virginia nr Darwin, punctate anteriorly, finely transversely punctate posteriorly; 12°33’S 131'02’E, 29 October 1996 S.M. Gregg; NTM fore coxae punctate; mesopleura finely punctate. Metasoma 93-117, lcf, Kapalga Research Station, Kakadu National elongate fusiform; T1 -6 impunctate with at most single line Park, eucalypt woodland malaise trap, 11-25 December of subapical punctures; S1 -7 punctate; gradulus straight and 1993, S. & J. Peck; NTM, 2cf, East Alligator Ranger Station, 94 Thynnine wasps of the new genus Curvothynnus closely punctate laterally, below level of mesoscutellum; propodeum obliquely truncate, weakly transversely carinate above truncation, sparsely punctate anteriorly, finely transversely rugose-punctate posteriorly; fore coxae sparsely punctate; mesopleura punctate. Metasoma elongate fusiform; Tl-5 sparsely punctate, impunctate posteriorly, T6 punctate; SI-7 closely punctate; gradulus weakly curved and weakly scrobiculate on Tl-6, weakly curved, Figs 18-19. C. neptunus, male: 18, habitus; 19, Front of head. Scale oblique and discontinuous medially on S3-7; T1 obliquely line: 18=1 cm; 19 = 0.3 mm. truncate anteriorly, not tuberculate; S1 medially raised and carinate, anterior V-shaped carina strongly produced and blade-like ventrally; S2 anteromedially subtuberculate; T7 truncate and weakly raised posteriorly; S8 with spinose basal angles; genitalia as in Figs 16-17, cuspis short and incurved; paracuspis absent. Colour. Black; wings black with violet reflections. Description of female. Body (Fig. 20) length 11 mm. Figs 20-21. Curvothynnus neptunus, female: 20, habitus; 21, head. Head (Figs 21-22) subrectangular, posterior angles Scale line: 20 = 0.8 mm; 23 = 0.5 mm. rounded; clypeus emarginate, with an inverted Y-shaped Kakadu National Park, 12’26’S, 132’57’E, 11 March 2006, carina; frons closely punctate, medially suleate; depression A. Young; NTM, I cf, East Alligator Ranger Station, Kakadu behind eye narrow, curved, inner and outer margins sharply National Park, 12°26’S, I32°57'E, 8 March 2006, A. Young. defined, densely setose; vertex sparsely punctate, not QUEENSLAND: QM, 4d\ 1 9, Cairns district, F.P. Dodd. medially depressed; gena closely and deeply punctate; eyes Redescription of male. Body (Fig. 18) length elliptical; mandibles bidentate. Pronotum weakly convex, 12-16 mm; fore wing 9-12 mm; hind wing 7-10 mm. Head weakly depressed near posterior angles, anterior angles not (Fig. 19) rounded, not emarginate posteriorly, produced produced, punctate; mesoscutellum weakly convex, weakly and subparallel behind eyes; mandibles bidentate, not narrowed posteriorly, punctate; propodeum weakly convex, tuberculate; clypeus weakly emarginate, raised with flat not laterally depressed, emarginate posteriorly, not densely triangular area depressed near apex bounded by obscure setose, closely punctate dorsally, closely and finely punctate inverted V-shaped caritta, clypcus closely and finely punctate laterally and posteriorly. Mclasoma with Tl-5 and SI-5 laterally, sparsely punctate medially; antennal prominence closely punctate; T1 truncate, anterior angles rounded; T5 broadly U-shaped, not carinate, produced to antennal and S5 not produced; T6 (Fig. 23) subparallel, not spinose, insertions; frons not transversely carinate, sparsely punctate longitudinally rugose-punctate. with narrow closely punctate band on inner orbit of eye, Colour. Head (except mandibles) and body dark brown; sagittally suleate to near mid ocellus, not depressed; vertex mandibles and legs brownish orange. and gena sparsely punctate. Pronotum as wide as head, Distribution. Coastal northern Australia from Darwin, sparsely punctate, anterior margin strongly emarginate, Northern Territory, to Cairns, Queensland (Fig. 5). Most strongly raised and produced anteriorly, carinate, weakly records are north of 14°S with the Queensland specimen projecting laterally; mesoscutum sparsely punctate; from the Cairns district being three degrees further south. tegulae sparsely punctate; mesoscutellum impunctate, Remarks. The female has not previously been described. flat, narrowly triangular; metanotum impunctate medially, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 thank the curators of the above-listed institutions for the loan of specimens in their care. Most of this work was undertaken as part of my doctoral thesis under the guidance of Erik Shipp and lan Naumann, and their help and supevision is gratefully appreciated. The research was undertaken while I was employed by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture at the then Biological and Chemical Research Institute, and could not have been undertaken without the use of their facilities, which is also appreciated. Erin Turek artfully re-inked the drawings for publication. Figs 22-23. Curvothynnus neptunus, female: 22, head; 23, T6 (and posterolateral margins of S6). Scale line = 0.5 mm. 95 G. Brown REFERENCES Guerin, F.E. 1838. Chapitre XIII. Insectes. Pp. 57-302 In: Duperrey, L.I. (ed.). Voyage autour du monde, execute par ordre du Roi, sur la Con’ette de sa Majeste, La Coquilk, pendant les annees Ashmead, W.H. 1903. Classification of the fossorial, predaceous 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie. Bertrand: Paris. and parasitic wasps, or the superfamily Vcspoidca. Canadian Kimsey, L.S. & Brown, G.R. 1993. Lectotypc designations within the Entomologist 35: 95-107, 155-158. subfamily Thynninae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). Journal of the Brown, G.R. 1997a. Chilothynnus, a new genus of Australian Australian Entomological Society 32: 317-326. Thynninae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) associated with orchids. Naumann, I.D. 1991. Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). Pp. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the 916-1000. In: Naumann, I.D. (ed.). The insects of Australia. Northern Territory 13:61-71. [Original publication and reprints A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne incorrectly dated 1996.] University Press: Carlton. Brown, G.R. 1997b. Arthmthynnus, a new genus of orchid-pollinating Smith, F. 1879. Descriptions of new species of Hymenoptera in the Thynninae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). The Beagle, Records of collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London. the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 13: Snodgrass, R.E. 1941. The male genitalia of Hymenoptera. Smithsonian 73-82. [Original publication and reprints incorrectly dated Miscellaneous Collections 99: 1-86. 1996.] Turner, R.E. 1907. A revision of the Thynnidae of Australia Brown, G.R. 2005. A revision of Tachyphron Brown and description (Hymenoptera). Pt I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of of two new genera within the Aripliron group (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). Journal of Natural History 39(2): 197-239. New South Wales 32: 206-290. Turner, R.E. 1910. Hymenoptera Fam. Thynnidae. Genera insectorum Brown, G.R. 2008. Umbothynnus, a newly recognised genus for the 105: 1-62. Rhagigaster alexins Guerin group of species (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Thynninae: Rhagigasterini) from northern Australia. Accepted 1 September 2010 Zootaxa 1933: 43-58. Dalla Torre, C.G. de 1897. Catalogus hymenoptorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus etsynonymicus. (Aus der kaiscrlich- koniglichen Hof-und Staatsdruckcrei, Wcin) 8: 99-199. 96