The International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) was established in 1978 with headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. ICRAF is an autonomous, nonprofit international research council governed by a Board of Trustees with equal representation from developed and developing countries. The mandate is to initiate, stimulate, and support research leading to more sustainable and productive land use in developing countries through the integration or better management of trees in land-use systems. The Council derives its operational funds from voluntary contributions by several bilateral, multilateral, and private organizations. In 1988, these included the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - IBRD), the Ministry of Development Cooperation of the The Netherlands, Swiss Development Cooperation, the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Development Cooperation, the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), the Ford Foundation, the Federal Republic of Germany (BMZ/GTZ), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), the Government of France, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), and the Near East Foundation. ICRAF's programme of work is carried out through four divisions: the Research Development Division (RDD), the Collaborative Programmes Division (COLLPRO), the Information and Communi cations Division (INFOCOMM), and the Finance and Administration Division (FTNAD). ©International Council for Research in Agroforestry 1989 P O Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya Kilewe, A.M., Kealey, K.M., and Kebaara, K.K. ICRAF, Nairobi CA Agroforestry Development in Kenya: Proceedings of the Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, held in Nairobi, Kenya, 7-16 November 1988. Nairobi, Kenya, ICRAF, 1989. 534 pp Agroforestry systems; diagnosis and design; land use systems; social forestry; fuelwood; soil conservation; water conservation; rural development; research planning; collaborative programmes; training; NGOs; list of participants. UDC:634.0.26 ISBN: 92 9059 068 8 Cover drawing by Terry Hirst Printed by English Press, Nairobi, Kenya Agroforestry Development in Kenya Proceedings of the Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry held in Nairobi, Kenya 7-16 November 1988 Editors: AM. Kilewe, KM. Kealey, andKX. Kebaara Cosponsored by the National Council for Science and Technology and the International Council for Research in Agroforestry The views expressed in this publication are those of the participants and do not necessarily represent those of their institutions or the cosponsors of this seminar. Abstract This publication contains the full proceedings of the Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, held from 7 to 16 November 1988 at ICRAF headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya, as a joint venture between the National Council for Science and Technology (NCST) and the International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). The Seminar was the second major meeting of its kind in Kenya, the first one was held in 1980, to bring together a wide variety of professionals to highlight trends in agroforestry science and practice, facilitate the exchange of ideas and experience through plenary and working-group discus sions and field tours, and set general guidelines and make specific recommendations for a national agroforestry research and development strategy for the next decade. The Seminar consisted of plenary sessions in which technical papers were presented. Poster sessions were also included as well as three field tours and five working-group meetings. The main objectives of the working-group meetings were to provide an oppor tunity to the participants, based on their expertise and on what they gathered from the plenary sessions and field tours, to make specific recommendations on research strategies and priorities, extension strategies and packages, socioeconomic factors, education and training, and institutional issues in agroforestry research and development. The information generated at the Seminar has been provided in two publications, an executive summary and a complete seminar proceedings. The executive summary publica tion contains an introduction, a list of the most important recommendations, summaries of 15 invited papers, and a list of participants. This publication, however, of the complete seminar proceedings contains the executive summary as well as all technical papers presented in the plenary sessions. Resume Cette publication contient les actes du Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry tenu du 7 au 16 novembre 1988 au siege de 1'ICRAF, a Nairobi, au Kenya. Organist conjointement par le National Council for Science and Technology (NCST) et le Conseil international pour la recherche en agroforesterie (ICRAF), ce seminaire faisait suite au premier colloque national sur l'agroforesterie qui a eu lieu en 1980. L'objectif vise* 6tait de r6unir des experts d'horizons divers pour traiter des tendances de la science et des pratiques agroforestieres, promouvoir les ^changes par le biais de stances pl£nieres, de groupes de travail et de visites de terrain, et formuler des recommandations pour l'eiaboration d'une strategic rationale de recherche et de deVeloppement en agroforesterie. Le programme du seminaire comprenait des stances pl6nieres avec presentation d'ex- posls, des sessions consacrees a des presentations visuelles, trois visites de terrain, et cinq reunions de groupes de travail. Ces reunions ont permis aux participants d'exploiter leurs connaissances et les informations acquises lors des seances pMnieres pour formuler des recommandations sur les axes etpriorites de la recherche, les strategies de vulgarisation, les facteurs socio-economiques, l'education et la formation, ainsi que les aspects institutionnels de la recherche et du developpement en agroforesterie. . Deux publications officielles on ete consacrees a ce seminaire: le present resume qui contient une introduction, la liste des plus importantes recommandations, les resumes de 15 exposes et la liste des participants; et les actes du seminaire, qui contiennent le present resume et le texte integral des exposes presentes a 1'occasion des seances pienieres. CONTENTS Foreword 7 Summary/Recommendations 9 Research Strategies and Priorities 11 Extension Packages and Strategies 13 Socioeconomic Factors 15 Education and Training 18 Institutional Issues 21 Session 1 - General Approaches to Agroforestry Development The Potential of Agroforestry B. Lundgren 29 Agroforestry Diagnosis and Design: Methods Used in Kenya John B. Raintree 39 Land-Use Systems in Kenya and their Agroforestry Potential S. Minae, I.N. Kamau, and B. Jama 56 Session 2 - Reviews of Agroforestry R&D in Kenya Agroforestry for Development in Kenya Amare Getahun 85 ICRAF's Field Station in Machakos M.R. Rao 110 Trends in Food Production Under the Taungya System C.R. J. Nyaga 127 Agroforestry Approaches to the Supply of Fuelwood for Tobacco Curing C. W. Gaitho 130 Session 3 - Agroforestry Extension Activities Production of Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs for Soil and Water Conservation Lois A. Omoro and Paul Ilg 139 Effective Forestry Extension in Support of Agroforestry Development B. G. Wamugunda 147 Potential Agroforestry Models: CARE-Kenya's Agroforestry Extension Project Pascal Otieno 154 3 KENGO's Role in On-Farm Forestry and Woodfuel Conservation in Kenya A. Awori 157 Evaluating On-farm Agroforestry Systems for Extension and Research Sara J. Scherr 164 Plans to Meet National Seed Demand for Agroforestry Alice Kaudia 179 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation in Agroforestry Extension Louise E. Buck 188 Session 4 - Institutional Issues in Agroforestry Development Agroforestry: Institutional Arrangements F.J. Wang'ati and B.F. Makau 203 National Strategy for Consolidating Farm-Level Multiagency and Multidisciplinary Efforts J.J. Gichuki and S.N.J. Njoroge 209 Session 5 - Socioeconomic Aspects of Agroforestry Development Agroforestry: A Tool for Socioeconomic Advancement of the Rural People Stephen G. Mbogoh 217 Appropriate Incentives for Agroforestry Production Systems W. Oluoch-Kosura 223 Gender Division of Work, Resources, and Rewards in Agroforestry Systems Dianne E. Rocheleau 228 Trees, People, and the Drylands: The Role of Local Knowledge Edmund G. C. Barrow ' 246 Land-Tenure and Land-Use Legislation Issues in Agroforestry Development Arthur Okoth-Owiro 267 Agroforestry in Arid Lands: Range and Catchment Management J.H. van Doorne 275 Session 6 - Education and Training for Agroforestry Development Education and Training for Agroforestry Development: A Case Study of Kenya Ester Zulberti 285 Curriculum Development for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Training in Agroforestry F. Owino and F.K. Sang 300 Agroforestry Development and the Field Forester E.M. Muchiri and E.M. Kibuka 306 Training in Agroforestry at Egerton University P.M. Makenzi 310 4 Session 7 - Integrated Agroforestry Research Research Issues in Agroforestry J.A. Odera 323 Collaboration in Agroforestry Research Planning and Implementation Daniel 0. Nyamai 334 ICRAF's Collaborative Research and Development Activities in Kenya I.N. Kamau and R.B. Scott 344 Multiple Cropping and Agroforestry System Production Strategies F.M. Odok 357 Session 8 - Agroforestry Components Research and Development Animal Husbandry in Agroforestry Production Systems Albert E.0.Chabeda 365 Soil Erosion and the Role of Agroforestry Practices in Soil Conservation A.M. Kilewe 374 Beekeeping Strategies in Various Ecozones of Kenya S.M. Kagio and A. W. Muriithi 386 Woody Vegetation Management for Livestock Production Salim B. Shaabani, A.M. Chege, and Dierk Walther 389 Appropriate Vegetation Management for Marine and Inland Fishery Development JV. Odero and John G. Mukinya 395 Crop Husbandry in Agroforestry Production Systems William W. Wapakala 402 Silvichemicals: Assessment of Some Ficus Species as Multi purpose Trees for Agroforestry Annalee Ng'eny-Mengech 406 Low-Input Pest Management Strategies for Agroforestry Production Systems E.O. Omolo, K.N. Saxena, K.V. Seshu-Reddy, M. 0. Odindo, and C.G. Unnithan 422 Evaluation of Multipurpose Trees of Potential Use in Sylvopastoral Systems in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands P. S. McCarter 431 Agroforestry in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas P.I.D. Kinyua 442 Trees and Shrubs Germplasm Conservation Strategies J. 0. Ouko and R. K. Wataaru 451 Agroforestry-Related Projects in DRSRS J.L. Agatsiva and D.K. Andere 458 Session 9 - Agroforestry Systems Modelling, Databases, and Seed Supply Soil Changes Under Agroforestry Anthony Young 467 ICRAF's Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs Database: A Decision Support Tool for Research and Development Peter von Carlowitz 476 Exploration and Documentation of "Lesser—Known" Trees and Shrubs with Agroforestry Potential Ndegwa Ndiang'ui 483 Energy Supply Through Agroforestry G.N. Gathaara 491 Closing Address 500 References 503 Participants 529 6 FOREWORD This report presents an executive summary and the full proceedings of the Second Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, held from 7 to 16 November 1988 at the International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) headquarters in Nairobi, as a joint venture between the National Council for Science and Technology (NCST) and ICRAF. The Seminar was the second major meeting of its kind in Kenya, the first one having been held in 1980, to bring together a wide variety of professionals to share practical experiences and disciplinary refinements and to set future national agroforestry development priorities and strategies. Ninety-six participants attended from government, nongovernment, and donor organizations, including nine participants from Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The Seminar consisted of plenary sessions in which technical papers were presented. Poster sessions were included, as well as three field tours and five working-group meetings. The main themes of the plenary sessions included general approaches to agroforestry development, reviews of agroforestry research and development (R&D) in Kenya, extension activities, institutional issues, socioeconomic aspects, education and training, integrated research, agroforestry component R&D, and databases and seed supply. Along with the plenary sessions, field tours aimed at providing the participants with an opportunity to appreciate agricultural, forestry, and agroforestry developments as well as the scenic beauty of the countryside. A half-day tour of the ICRAF Field Station at Machakos and a 2-day tour to the Coast and Western Kenya were included. At the ICRAF Field Station, the participants observed agroforestry demonstrations and trials including the use of multipurpose trees and shrubs for agroforestry, soil conservation technologies, tree-establishment trails, alley cropping, and tree/crop interface studies and systematic tree-arrangement designs. Those who participated in the Western Kenya tour saw: industrial tree plantations on both escarpments of the Great Rift Valley; large-scale wheat and sheep farming around Molo; tea plantations in Kericho District; sugarcane growing in the Muhoroni area; rice growing in Ahero; women's group agroforestry projects at Got Abayo and Nyamninia in Siaya District; collaborative agroforestry research with ICRAF, the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), and the Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) at Maseno; and the agroforestry demonstration centre at Bukura. Those participants who took part in the Kenya Coast tour saw wildlife and range management, dryland agriculture, Kenya's dry-zone vegetation, coastal vegetation including mangrove forests, the agroforestry demonstration centre at Mtwapa, and the rehabilitation of land disturbed by mining for cement production at Baobab Farm. 7 The main objective of the five working groups was to provide an opportunity to all participants, based on their experience and on what they were able to gather from the plenary sessions and field tours, to make specific contributions on agroforestry R&D issues. The agenda for the working groups included research strategies and priorities, extension strategies and packages, socioeconomic factors, education and training, and institutional issues. To facilitate dissemination to specialized audiences, the information generated at the Seminar is being provided in two publications, an executive summary and a complete seminar proceedings. The executive summary contains an introduction, a list of the most important recommendations, and summaries of the 15 invited papers, which formed the basis for the selection of the plenary session themes. The complete seminar proceedings, contains the executive summary and all technical papers presented in plenary sessions, representing some 50 presentations. A few papers not presented during the plenary sessions but circulated at the Seminar have been included in the full proceedings with the permission of the Editorial Advisory Committee because of their potential contribution to the overall objectives of the Seminar. Also, detailed checklists on species with agroforestry potential were presented but are not included in the full proceedings for reasons of space, however, the information is available on request from ICRAF. We are confident that the wealth of information generated from this important meeting will encourage and increase the efforts of those concerned with agroforestry development in Kenya. We would like to express our appreciation to the Seminar Organizing Committee, the National Steering Committee on Agroforestry for guiding the. planning of the Seminar, the authors of the technical papers, and the plenary-session and working-group chairpersons and rapporteurs. Appreciation is also extended to the participants for setting the high standards that ensured the success of the Seminar and the many individuals and organizations who made valuable contributions in one way or another. Special thanks is given to the Editorial Advisory Committee for prompt and efficient publication of the executive summary and the full proceedings, and to Mrs Halima Abdalla for preparing the text of both documents. Finally, we would like to thank the various government and nongovernment organizations that supported the Seminar in different ways. In particular we very much appreciate the strong support of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources; the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology; and the Ministry of Agriculture. Financial support for the Seminar was provided by the Government of Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United States of America. We also wish to thank the Minister for Environment and Natural Resources, the Hon. J.J. Nyagah, for opening the Seminar. Bjorn Lundgren F.J. Wang'ati Fred Owino Director-General Secretary Chairman ICRAF NCST Seminar Organizing Committee 8