Criminal Law F I F T H E D I T I O N John M. Scheb, J.D., LL.M. JUDGE, FLORIDA COURT OF APPEAL, SECOND DISTRICT (RET.) DISTINGUISHED PROFESSORIAL LECTURER, EMERITUS STETSON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LAW John M. Scheb II, Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE Australia (cid:129) Brazil (cid:129) Japan (cid:129) Korea (cid:129) Mexico (cid:129) Singapore (cid:129) Spain (cid:129) United Kingdom (cid:129) United States Criminal Law,Fifth Edition ©2009, 2006Wadsworth, CengageLearning John M.Scheb, JohnM.SchebII ALLRIGHTS RESERVED. 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Case-in-Point boxicon: Steve Hamblin/Alamy CengageLearning products are represented inCanada by Supreme CourtPerspectives boxicon: NelsonEducation, Ltd. Photograph byFranz Jantzen, Collection ofthe Supreme Courtofthe United States Foryourcourseandlearningsolutions,visitacademic.cengage.com. Purchaseanyofour products at your localcollege storeor at ourpreferred online store www.ichapters.com. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 This Book Is Dedicated to Mary Catherine and Amy Scheb About the Authors John M. Scheb was born in Orlando, Florida, in 1926. He entered the practice of law in 1950. He served as associate municipal judge in Sarasota, Florida, from 1957 to 1959. From 1959 to 1970, he served as City Attorney for the city of Sarasota. In 1974,hewasappointedtotheFloridaDistrictCourtofAppeal,seconddistrict,apo- sitionhehelduntilhisretirementin1992.JudgeSchebholdstheB.A.fromFlorida Southern College, the J.D. from the University of Florida, and the LL.M. from the UniversityofVirginia. John M. Scheb II was born in Sarasota, Florida, in 1955. He attended the Univer- sity of Florida from 1974 to 1982, receiving the B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. in political science. He is now Professor of Political Science and Chair of Legal Studies at the University of Tennessee, where he teaches courses in criminal law, constitutional law, civil rights and liberties, administrative law, and law in society. Professor Scheb has authored numerous articles in professional journals and is coauthor of several textbooksdealingwithlaw-relatedaspectsofpoliticalscience. iv Brief Contents PART ONE Legal Foundations of Criminal Justice 1 CHAPTER 1 FundamentalsofCriminalLawandProcedure 2 CHAPTER 2 TheRolesofGovernmentalInstitutionsinDevelopingthe CriminalLaw 19 PART TWO The Substantive Criminal Law 39 CHAPTER 3 ConstitutionalLimitationsontheProhibitionofCriminalConduct 40 CHAPTER 4 ElementsofCrimesandPartiestoCrimes 70 CHAPTER 5 InchoateOffenses 90 CHAPTER 6 OffensesagainstPersons 107 CHAPTER 7 PropertyCrimes 162 CHAPTER 8 OffensesagainstPublicMorality 196 CHAPTER 9 AlcoholandDrugOffenses 223 CHAPTER 10 White-CollarandOrganizedCrime 248 CHAPTER 11 OffensesagainstPublicHealthandtheEnvironment 271 CHAPTER 12 OffensesagainstPublicOrder,Safety,andNationalSecurity 300 CHAPTER 13 OffensesagainstJusticeandPublicAdministration 331 CHAPTER 14 CriminalResponsibilityandDefenses 354 v Contents Preface xiii ConstitutionalLimitations 12 TheBillofRights 13 DueProcessofLaw 13 PART ONE TheCriminalProcess 14 PleaBargaining—TheRealityofCriminal Legal Foundations of Criminal Justice 16 Justice 1 CriminalSanctions 16 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 1 The Roles of Governmental Institutions Fundamentals of Criminal Law and in Developing the Criminal Law 19 Procedure 2 Introduction 20 Introduction 3 TheRoleoftheStateLegislatures 20 WhatIsaCrime? 4 ThePolicePowerofGovernment 21 FeloniesandMisdemeanors 5 EnactingLegislation 21 SocietalInterestsServedbytheCriminalLaw 5 CodificationoftheLaw 22 Crime:AnInjuryagainstSociety 6 Congress—TheNationalLegislature 22 CriminalResponsibility 6 TheLegislativePowersofCongress 22 TheRoleoftheCrimeVictim 6 PublicationofFederalStatutes 23 CriminalLawDistinguishedfromCivilLaw 7 CriminalLawandFederalism 24 OriginsandSourcesoftheCriminalLaw 8 TheRoleofRegulatoryAgencies 25 DevelopmentofLawintheWesternWorld 8 TheJudicialRole 25 DevelopmentoftheEnglishCommonLaw 8 StatutoryInterpretation 27 ReceptionoftheCommonLawinAmerica 9 JudicialReviewandConstitutional StateandLocalAuthoritytoEnactCriminal Interpretation 28 Prohibitions 9 FederalAuthoritytoDefineCrimes 10 StateCourtSystems 28 TheModelPenalCode 10 TrialCourts 29 OtherSourcesofLaw 11 JuvenileCourts 30 TheRoleofCourtsinDevelopingtheCriminal AppellateCourts 30 Law 11 TheFederalCourtSystem 32 LegalReasoninginJudicialDecisions 12 UnitedStatesDistrictCourts 32 TheUnitedStatesCourtsofAppeals 32 vi TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt 33 FreedomfromCompulsorySelf- MilitaryTribunals 34 Incrimination 59 ContrastingJudicialFunctionsand TheProhibitionagainstCruel Environments 34 andUnusualPunishments 60 TheConstitutionalRightofPrivacy 61 PART TWO Abortion 62 PrivacyandSexualConduct 63 The Substantive TheRighttoDie 64 Criminal Law 39 EqualProtectionoftheLaws 65 StandardsofJudicialReview 65 CHAPTER 3 TheImportanceofStateConstitutions 66 Constitutional Limitations on the Prohibition of Criminal Conduct 40 CHAPTER 4 Introduction 41 TheImportanceofJudicialReview 41 Elements of Crimes and Parties UnconstitutionalPerSeandUnconstitutionalas to Crimes 70 Applied 41 Introduction 71 ThePowertoEnactCriminalLaws 42 TheActusReus(TheActRequirement) 71 PolicePowersofStateLegislatures 42 WhatIsanAct? 72 TheFederalLawmakingPower 42 WhenDoesFailuretoActConstituteanAct? 73 DelimitingtheCrimeofTreason 45 PossessionasaCriminalAct 73 LevyingWaragainsttheUnitedStates 45 StatusasaCriminalAct 74 GivingAidandComforttotheEnemies TheMensRea(TheCriminalIntent oftheUnitedStates 46 Requirement) 75 BillsofAttainderandExPostFactoLaws 46 ConcurrenceofActandIntent 75 BillsofAttainder 46 GeneralandSpecificIntent 75 ExPostFactoLaws 47 TheModelPenalCodeApproachtoIntent 77 TheBillofRights 48 TheDoctrineofTransferredIntent 80 ApplicationoftheBillofRightstoStateand TheImportanceofDeterminingtheIntent LocalLaws 49 Required 81 TheFirstAmendmentFreedomof StrictLiabilityOffenses 82 Expression 49 TheCausationRequirement 84 AdvocacyofUnlawfulConduct 50 PartiestoaCrime 84 SymbolicSpeechandExpressiveConduct 50 Common-LawDistinctionsamongParticipantsin FreeExpressionversusMaintenanceofthePublic Crime 85 Order 51 TheModernAmericanApproach 85 HateSpeech 52 Obscenity 52 NudeDancing 53 CHAPTER 5 Profanity 54 Inchoate Offenses 90 FreedomofAssembly 54 FreeExerciseofReligion 55 Introduction 91 UnusualReligiousPractices 55 Attempt 91 RefusalofMedicalTreatment 56 TheActRequirement 92 TheRighttoKeepandBearArms 57 TheRequisiteCriminalIntent 93 AttemptsinRelationtoSubstantiveCrimes 93 TheDoctrinesofVaguenessand DefensestotheCrimeofAttempt 93 Overbreadth 58 vii viii ■ Contents Solicitation 94 Suicide 129 TheActRequirement 94 TheMichiganExperience 130 IsanUncommunicatedSolicitationanOffense? 95 TheWashingtonExperience 131 TheRequisiteCriminalIntent 96 CompetingValuesinSuicideLaws 132 SolicitationDistinguishedfromOtherInchoate Abortion 133 Crimes 96 TheConflictoverPartialBirthAbortion 134 DefensestotheCrimeofSolicitation 97 RapeandSexualBattery 135 Conspiracy 97 TheAmericanApproach 135 JustificationfortheOffenseofConspiracy 99 StatutoryRapeLaws 136 TheRangeofConspiraciesinSociety 99 ReformintheAmericanLawofRape 137 TheActElementinConspiracy 99 AContemporaryStatutoryTreatmentofSexual TheRequisiteCriminalIntent 100 Offenses 139 ConspiracyDistinguishedfromAidingand DemiseoftheMaritalException 141 AbettingandAttempt 100 ProsecutorialBurdens 142 ThePinkertonRule 101 RapeTraumaSyndrome 142 SomeUniqueAspectsoftheOffenseof SexOffenderRegistrationLaws 144 Conspiracy 101 DefensestoChargesofSexualBattery 145 ConspiracyDoesNotMergeintotheTarget Sodomy 146 Crime 102 AbusiveOffenses 146 TheWharton’sRuleException 102 ChildAbuse 146 CriticismoftheConspiracyLaws 103 SpousalAbuse 148 DefensestotheChargeofConspiracy 104 AbuseoftheElderly 149 FalseImprisonmentandKidnapping 150 CHAPTER 6 TheStatutoryOffenseofFalseImprisonment 150 ModernStatutoryTreatmentofKidnapping 151 Offenses against Persons 107 TheRequirementofAsportationinKidnapping 151 Introduction 108 FederalKidnappingLaws 152 TheCommon-LawBackground 108 DefensestoChargesofFalseImprisonment TheAmericanDevelopment 108 andKidnapping 153 AssaultiveOffenses 109 ChildSnatching 153 ModernStatutoryDevelopment 109 CivilRightsOffenses 154 CommonIllustrationsofSimpleandAggravated HateCrimes 156 AssaultandBattery 110 TheBurdenoftheProsecution 111 CHAPTER 7 DefensestoChargesofAssaultandBattery 112 Mayhem 112 Property Crimes 162 Hazing 112 Introduction 163 Stalking 113 TheCommon-LawBackground 163 Cyberstalking 115 TheCommon-LawTheftOffenses 163 Homicide 116 ModernStatutoryClassificationsofHomicide 116 Larceny 164 FalsePretenses,Embezzlement,andReceiving First-DegreeMurder 117 StolenProperty 164 FelonyMurder 119 Second-DegreeMurder 120 TheModernApproachtoTheftOffenses 166 Manslaughter 120 FederalApproaches 166 VehicularHomicide 124 StateApproaches 167 JustifiableandExcusableHomicide 125 ComputerCrime:NewOffensestoCope RemovalofLife-SupportSystems 125 withHigh-TechCrime 169 ProsecutorialBurdensinHomicideCases 126 AUniqueProsecutorialBurdeninTheft DefensestoHomicidalCrimes 129 Offenses 171 Contents ■ ix IdentityTheft 172 IndecentExposure 206 FederalLegislation 172 NudeDancinginPlacesofPublic StateLegislation 172 Accommodation 207 IntellectualPropertyOffenses 173 NudityandSeminudityonPublicBeaches 207 PatentInfringement 174 Voyeurism 207 CopyrightInfringement 174 ObscenityandPornography 208 TrademarkCounterfeiting 176 TheEmergingConstitutionalStandards 209 TheftofTradeSecrets 176 TheIntractableObscenityProblem 209 Robbery 177 SignificantPost-MillerDevelopments 210 StatutoryApproachestoRobbery 178 StateandLocalRegulationofObscenity 211 TheTemporalRelationshipofForcetothe DefensestoChargesofObscenity 212 Taking 179 ProblemsofEnforcement 212 Carjacking 180 PornographyontheInternet 213 ChildPornography 214 ForgeryandUtteringaForgedInstrument 181 Profanity 214 StatutoryExpansionofForgeryOffenses 181 CommonExamplesofForgeryandUttering Gambling 217 aForgedInstrument 183 WhatConstitutesGambling? 217 StatutoryRegulationofGambling 218 WorthlessChecks 183 ProsecutorialProblemsandDefenses 218 AccessDeviceFraud 184 TheParadoxofGamblingLaws 219 HabitationOffenses 186 AnimalCruelty 219 BurglaryatCommonLaw 187 StatutoryRevisionsofBurglary 187 PossessionofBurglar’sTools 188 CHAPTER 9 ArsonatCommonLaw 189 Alcohol and Drug Offenses 223 StatutoryRevisionofArson 189 Introduction 224 MaliciousMischief 190 ProhibitionandRegulationofAlcoholic Extortion 191 Beverages 224 ExtortionunderFederalLaw 192 “Prohibition” 224 DefensestoPropertyCrimes 192 OffensesRelatedtotheConsumption ofAlcoholbyMinors 225 CHAPTER 8 PublicIntoxication 226 Offenses against Public Morality 196 DrivingundertheInfluence 226 ZeroToleranceforJuveniles 227 Introduction 197 ProsecutionofDWI,DUI,andDUBAL TheCommon-LawBackground 197 ReligiousInfluences 197 Charges 228 ImpliedConsentStatutes 229 IsMoralityaLegitimateBasisforLegislation? 198 PolicePowerandtheSocialConsensus 198 OriginsoftheProhibitionofDrugs 230 ConstitutionalLimitations 198 TheHarrisonAct 230 ProhibitionofMarijuana 230 CriminalProhibitionsofConsensualSexual Conduct 199 ModernDrugLaws 231 Fornication,Adultery,andSeduction 200 ModernStateDrugLaws 231 Incest 200 TheMarijuanaControversy 232 Bigamy 201 TheCrystalMethCrisis 234 Sodomy:TheDemiseofaHistoricOffense 201 ProhibitionofDrugParaphernalia 235 Prostitution 203 ProblemsofDrugEnforcementand CriticismofLawsRegulatingConsensualSexual Prosecution 236 Conduct 204 ActualandConstructivePossession 236 ThePrognosisforReform 205 DefensesinDrugCases 237