Creating an Appropriate 21st Century Education Robert Sywester, Editor David Moursund, Editor st Creating an Appropriate 21 Century Education Robert Sylwester, Editor David Moursund, Editor Dedicated to Harry Wolcott superb author, valued colleague, true friend Publisher. Information Age Education: Eugene, Oregon, USA. See http://iae-pedia.org/. Creative Commons. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Copyright © 2012 Robert Sylwester and David Moursund. Email Robert Sylwester at [email protected]. Email David Moursund at [email protected]. First Edition August 2012. Creating an Appropriate 21st Century Education Contents Preface ...........................................................................................................................3   1. Robert Sylwester: The Roles of Cognitive Neuroscience and Computer Technology ........................................................................................................5   2. David Moursund: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) ...........8   3. Ron Brandt: How Educational Neuroscience Will Contribute to 21st Century Education .........................................................................................13   4. Eric Jensen: Educating Tomorrow’s Students ...................................................18   5. Kathie F. Nunley: Have Schools Become Historical Museums? ........................22   6. Thomas Armstrong: Neurodiversity: More than Just a Good Notion ..............27   7. Rebecca R. Burrill: Movement as Primary in Learning Processes ...................32   8. Susan Stauter: The Positive Roles that the Arts, Arts Education, and Creative Obsession Will Play ........................................................................37   9. Bob Sitze: Taking Cognitive Neuroscience Beyond Education .........................43   10. Mary Kay Morrison: Ten Reasons Why Humor Is FUNdamental to Education ........................................................................................................48   11. David Moursund: Using Computers to Translate Educational Theory into Practice ....................................................................................................52   12. Robert Sylwester: The Issues of Consciousness and Free Will: Part 1 ...........57   13. Robert Sylwester: The Issues of Consciousness and Free Will: Part 2 ...........63   14. Michael A. Rousell: Surprise: It Makes Us Who We Are ................................68   15. Robert Sylwester: Thinking, Fast and Slow ......................................................72   16. Esther Fusco: A Critical Need for 21st Century Education .............................77   17. David Moursund: Cognitive Neuroscience, Computers, and Math ................83   18. Summary 1. Robert Sylwester: We Have Several Brain Systems ...................89   19. Summary 2. David Moursund: Educational Game Changers .........................93   2 Creating an Appropriate 21st Century Education Preface This book contains a series of Information Age Education Newsletters that explore various elements of the educational issues that will confront our society during the 21st century. The principal focus of the series is on the dramatic developments currently occurring in the cognitive neurosciences and computer technology. These promise to play an especially significant role in reshaping educational policy and practice. The authors of the articles are all widely known and respected for their work in the area in which they write. They were asked to select a general issue that they consider important to 21st century education and to discuss the elements of it that they consider especially significant to educators. Some authors focus on simply exploring the issue itself and others also suggest educational applications. We’ve incorporated the articles and selected reader responses that the newsletter articles engendered into this online book. We hope this preliminary discussion will help lead to the eventual development of a comprehensive 21st century theory of education. This book certainly isn’t the only current search for the elements of what 21st century education could and should become. For example, Edutopia has published a series of articles (http://www.edutopia.org/blog/21st-century-leadership-overview-ken-kay). The new Learning Resource Network (http://www.l-rn.com/welcome_video.htm) at Johns Hopkins University provides a clearinghouse of educationally significant developments from several disciplines. What will occur over time as the literature expands is that an increasing number of educators become involved, and a bottom-up consensus will eventually emerge. Nothing new. Bits and pieces merging into a complex entity describe how biology, technology, cities, and democracy develop and function. About the Editors Robert Sylwester Robert Sylwester is an Emeritus Professor of Education at the University of Oregon. He has traveled widely, presenting more than a thousand talks and workshops. He was the major professor or co-major professor for more than 60 doctoral students. His most recent books are A Child’s Brain: The Need for Nurture (2010, Corwin Press; see an excerpt at http://www.sharpbrains.com/tags/robert-sylwester/) and The Adolescent Brain: Reaching for Autonomy (2007, Corwin Press). He wrote a monthly column for the Internet journal Brain Connection during its entire 2000-2009 run (archived: http://brainconnection.positscience.com/library/?main=talkhome/columnists). He is a regular contributor to the IAE Newsletter. For more information about Robert Sylwester, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sylwester and http://www.sharpbrains.com/blog/2008/01/06/learning-the-brain-interview-with-robert- sylwester/. 3 Creating an Appropriate 21st Century Education David Moursund David Moursund earned his doctorate in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin- Madison. He taught in the Mathematics Department and Computing Center at Michigan State University for four years before joining the faculty at the University of Oregon. At the University of Oregon he taught in the Mathematics Department, served six years as the first Head of the Computer Science Department, and taught in the College of Education for more than 20 years. His professional career includes founding the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) in 1979, serving as ISTE’s executive officer for 19 years, and establishing ISTE’s flagship publication, Learning and Leading with Technology. He was a major professor or co-major professor of 82 doctoral students. He has presented hundreds of professional talks and workshops. He has authored or coauthored more than 60 academic books and hundreds of articles. Many of these books are available free online. See http://iae- pedia.org/David_Moursund_Legacy_Fund. In 2007, Moursund founded Information Age Education (IAE), a non-profit company dedicated to improving teaching and learning by people of all ages throughout the world. See http://iae-pedia.org/Main_Page#IAE_in_a_Nutshell. Information Age Education Information Age Education is a non-profit company in the state of Oregon that was established in 2007 by David Moursund. Its goal is to help improve worldwide informal and formal education at all levels. Its current list of free resources and activities includes: • Free books published by IAE. See http://i-a-e.org/free-iae-books.html. • Free IAE Newsletter published twice a month. See http://iae- pedia.org/IAE_Newsletter. • IAE Blog. See http://iae-pedia.org/IAE_Blog. • IAE-pedia. See http://iae- pedia.org/index.php?title=Special:PopularPages&limit=250&offset=0 for a list of pages ordered by popularity. • Other IAE documents. See http://i-a-e.org/downloads.html. • A major IAE initiative on math tutoring. See http://iae- pedia.org/Math_Tutoring_Project. Acknowledgements Thanks to the authors who contributed so generously of their works. Thanks to readers who provided written and oral feedback. Thanks to Ann Lathrop for her copyediting. 4 Creating an Appropriate 21st Century Education Article 1 [IAE Newsletter #75. See http://i-a-e.org/newsletters/IAE-Newsletter-2011-75.html.] The Roles of Cognitive Neuroscience and Computer Technology Robert Sylwester Emeritus Professor of Education University of Oregon Don’t be trapped by dogma, which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary. (Steve Jobs, talking to the Stanford graduating class in 2005.) About 100 years ago, events (some of which helped to precipitate World War I) led John Dewey to argue that the development of democratic values and skills in school would become at least as important to 20th century education as the mastery of the 3Rs. Further, the classroom itself could serve as an excellent laboratory for developing them, since it provides a dozen year-long opportunities for students to interact with a couple dozen non-kin in the solution to group management problems. He argued in his early 20th century publications that the existing authoritarian classroom management and instruction model should thus be replaced with a democratic model that he called Progressive Education (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey). Many educational leaders embraced Progressive Education, but the authoritarian model was so deeply ingrained in American culture that it took well over 50 years for elements of Dewey’s model to emerge and demonstrate how it could work. A.S. Neill's Summerhill School (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill_School) was one important early example of what came to be called the Free School Movement in mid-century (http://www.pathsoflearning.net/books_Free_Schools_Free_People.php). The current high-stakes standards and assessment programs suggest that the authoritarian model of education didn't die, but rather has come back with a vengeance. Our educational system continues to resist change even when it is much needed, as it is today because of rapid culturally and educationally significant advances in science and technology. These new advances, alas, can be used to empower students or misused to maintain existing political and cultural constraints. Towards the end of the 20th century, many educators and researchers sought to free our educational system from the shackles of Behaviorism, which viewed our brain as a black box that would never be understood. An initially small group of educators were excited by the emerging field of cognitive neuroscience. They began to explore how we might teach students 5 Creating an Appropriate 21st Century Education about the human brain and adapt instruction to this new knowledge. Some of the early speculations look foolish now, but false starts are a part of any innovation. As more educators became interested, the field matured and the level of professional knowledge about our brain and cognition increased. At the same time, computers were beginning to increase in capability, decrease in price and size, and demonstrate their potential as aids to learning and problem solving. The cost of computers and the amount of staff development they initially required slowed their assimilation into schools, but computers began to emerge as a powerful change agent outside the world of education. And now it's the 21st century and WOW! The pace of change has certainly quickened. Since the turn of the century, neuroimaging technology has discovered credible answers to many cognitive mysteries, and new discoveries are occurring at a previously unimaginable rate. Renowned cognitive neuroscientists, such as Michael Posner and Mary Rothbart (2006), John Ratey (2008), and Stanislas Dehaene (2010) are writing books that directly address the educational applications of their research. Other scientists are contributing chapters to books directed to educators. Graduate programs are introducing educators to the biological base of our profession. Professional organizations, such as the International Mind Brain and Education Society (http://www.imbes.org/) are shaping the emerging field of Educational Neuroscience. Commercial educational programs that purport to be based on cognitive neuroscience research are expected to provide convincing independent research evidence to support their claims. The future of Educational Neuroscience looks promising! Moreover, students are growing up with routine access to the Internet and Web, computerized social networking and texting, a wide range of computer-based entertainment venues, and steadily improved computerized aids to learning. Who could have imagined the key role that cell phones would play in the emerging democratization of the Middle East? The next article focuses on the manner in which computer technology is currently impacting educational policy and practice, and what we might expect in the coming years. References and Resources Dehaene, S. (2010). Reading in the brain: The new science of how we read. New York: Penguin. Posner, M. and Rothbart, M. (2006). Educating the human brain. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Ratey, J. with Hagermann, E. (2008). Spark: The revolutionary science of exercise and the brain. New York: Little, Brown and Company. Sousa, D. (2010). Mind, brain, and education. Bloomington, Indiana: Solution Tree. Robert Sylwester Robert Sylwester is an Emeritus Professor of Education at the University of Oregon. He has traveled widely, presenting more than a thousand talks and workshops. He was the major professor or co-major professor for more than 60 doctoral students. His most recent books are A Child’s Brain: The Need for Nurture (2010, Corwin Press; see an excerpt at http://www.sharpbrains.com/tags/robert-sylwester/) and The Adolescent Brain: 6 Creating an Appropriate 21st Century Education Reaching for Autonomy (2007, Corwin Press). He wrote a monthly column for the Internet journal Brain Connection during its entire 2000-2009 run (archived: http://brainconnection.positscience.com/library/?main=talkhome/columnists). He is a regular contributor to the IAE Newsletter. For more information about Robert Sylwester, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sylwester and http://www.sharpbrains.com/blog/2008/01/06/learning-the-brain-interview-with-robert- sylwester/. Comment by David Moursund Science fiction provided my early introduction to brain science. The E.E. Smith Lensman series of books featured protagonists with super mental powers. The first book of the series was published in 1948, which was before the first commercially produced computers came on the market. Needless to say, the electronic computers in the books were truly feeble relative to today’s computers. Brain science became something real to me when I read Howard Gardner’s 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. This eventually led me to seek out Bob Sylwester in order to learn more about brain science. For about a year we met regularly for lunch and “deep” conversation. Bob taught me brain science and I taught Bob about computers. We eventually presented a couple of workshops together. Over the ensuing years, it has been fun to watch the ups and downs of brain science and computers as they have struggled to make useful and lasting contributions to education. In both cases there has been considerable hype. In both cases there has been the challenge of translating theory (or, the ideas of the leading researchers and practitioners) into widespread practice. In both cases there has been a very rapid pace of change in the disciplines. Each discipline has contributed considerably to the other. In some cases early adopters fell behind to new people entering the fields. And, the excitement continues. The combination of modern Cognitive Neuroscience and Information and Communication Technology is now making significant contributions to the improvement of education. 7 Creating an Appropriate 21st Century Education Article 2 [IAE Newsletter #76. See http://i-a-e.org/newsletters/IAE-Newsletter-2011-76.html.] Information and Communication Technology (ICT) David Moursund Emeritus Professor of Education University of Oregon Computers are incredibly fast, accurate, and stupid. Human beings are incredibly slow, inaccurate, and brilliant. Together they are powerful beyond imagination. (This quote is often mistakenly attributed to Albert Einstein; most likely the correct attribution is Leo Cherne at the Discover America Meeting, Brussels, June 27, 1968.) Humans now routinely use three types of brains: their ‘meat’ brain; paper and pencil brain; and computer brain. Three brains are better than one. (David Moursund, 2012.) See http://iae-pedia.org/Two_Brains_Are_Better_Than_One. Since long before recorded history, humans have used their capabilities to discover and invent tools that enhanced their physical and mental capabilities. Comprehensive oral communication is one of those capabilities. More than 10,000 years ago, some groups of humans started the Agricultural Age. This was a game changer—agriculture has facilitated huge changes in our lives and world. About 5,000 years ago, humans developed reading and writing. The accumulation of information and the use of reading/writing to access and process the information greatly augmented the capabilities of a human brain. About 240 years ago, the Industrial Revolution was just getting started. Quoting from the Wikipedia: The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold. In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth.... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before." About 60 years ago, the first electronic digital computers became commercially available. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can be thought of as a way of combining the power of reading and writing with the power of ICT. Now our routine use of automated 8