Counsellor, Conspirator, Polemicist, Historian: John Lesley, Bishop of Ross 1527-96 MARGARET BECKETT, M.A., Ph.D. J. Many Scots of doubtful parentage have made their way in the world through their own exertions. For John Lesley, and for others before the Reformation, the path to advancement was through an Arts degree at Aberdeen, Glasgow or St Andrews followed by legal studies on the continent which could fit them for careers in the professions. But not many combined the roles of bishop, lawyer, counsellor, diplomat, polemicist, conspirator and historian. Fewer have attracted so much praise and vituperation as has John Lesley. Andrew Lang condemned him as “a time-serving flatterer”1 and Burghley as “seedman of all treason”' but he has also been described by Bishop Keith as “this great man, worthy and learned prelate ... of infinite faithfulness, courage and capability”3 and by James Anderson as one ofthe two outstanding Scots writers of his period 4 His books were equally controversial. Although . always a practical response to a particular situation, some ofthem came to have a much wider significance. Our knowledge of Lesley’s life depends largely on two accounts which he wrote for different purposes and in different circumstances. The first was ostensibly an account ofhow he had discharged the duties with which his Queen, Mary, had entrusted him as her ambassador to The apologiefor William MaitlandofLidington, ed. A. Lang (SHS Miscellany, li, 1904) 145; Salutem in Christo (1572) appeared under the initials R.G. Salutem in Christo 1572 (STC 17565). This short pamphlet was anonymous but there is every reason to attribute it to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley. See S. Alford, Burghley (Cambridge, 2008), 77-80. 1 R. Keith, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, ed. M. Russell (Edinburgh, 1824), 1 17. Collections relating to the History ofMaty Queen ofScots, ed. .1. Anderson, 4 vols. (Edinburgh, 1727), vol. i, p. iii. [hereafter referred to as Lesley’s Account ]. RecordsoftheScottish Church HistorySociety39 (2009) 1-22 ISSN 0264-5572 2 Margaret Beckett J. the court of Elizabeth. But it was completed in the tower of London, where he claimed he lived in daily fear of the executioner’s axe and it was intended for the eyes ofthe English Council in whose hands lay his life and his only hope of liberty. It is not surprising that it presented or invented Protestant credentials of which there is no evidence elsewhere - except in the letters and memoirs of English envoys whom Lesley had encountered at Mary’s court.'' The second Life, though in the third person, is clearly based on material supplied by Lesley himselfand was circulated by him to potential patrons throughout western Europe. Written when its author was persona non grata in England and in Scotland, it was in effect the curriculum vitae of an impoverished prelate in search of a 6 Catholic bishopric on the continent. His attempts to be all things to all men did in both cases achieve their immediate object but they create problems for historians. Often the question is not whether Lesley was telling “the truth” but why he was concealing it - and why he frequently contradicted his own most emphatic assertions. propose to examine I the relationship between his life and works, and between his two very different histories. Lesley himself opens his first Account with the proud claim to be descended of the nobility and ancient earls and barons of the family of Lesley, bom of creditable and honourable parents; his father, Gavin, was parson of Kingussie. He makes no reference to the illegitimacy which made necessary the dispensation, in due course, “to John Lesley, notwithstanding the defect of his birth”, to enable him to hold a benefice, or to the further dispensation when he was confirmed as Bishop ofCoutances on December 1591. Illegitimacy was by no means unusual 1 in early sixteenth-century clergy. Lesley himself had three illegitimate daughters although they may have been born before he took holy orders in 1558. Before that, he had studied in the universities of Poitiers, Toulouse and Paris and when he returned to Scotland in 1554 he was appointed teacher of Civil and Canon law, Official of Aberdeen and 5 Ibid., vol. iii, 65. 6 Ibid., vol. iii, p. vii-xx [hereafter referred to as the Life]. . Counsellor, Conspirator, Polemicist, Historian 3 parson of Oyne. He claims that he would have been most contented to live in that calling all my life, “compounding differences between parties proceeding either of deadly feuds or other debates of lands or goods which is the right office of a judge”. Remarkably, his first account of his life makes no mention ofthe coming ofthe Reformation (though he deals with that in varying depth in his Histories of Scotland later). His Latin History De Origine, written with potential Catholic patrons in mind, credits him with saving the Kirk of Aberdeen from destruction by the fervour of his preaching But this account is demonstrably so partisan that it is a highly unreliable source for his life, as distinct from his character. His role in Mary’s service seems to have been first as a diplomat, later as a member of the Court of Session and trusted advisor. He was certainly sent to France to attend Mary’s homecoming but failed in his mission to ally her with her Catholic subjects rather than with her Protestant half-brother. That mission had little chance of success but after Moray’s alienation during what has been called Mary’s Catholic interlude there are independent witnesses to the influence which Lesley came to exert. On 19 September 1565 Randolph, who detested him, wrote to Cecil that Lesley with David Chalmer was “no small doer with this queen and in June 1566 the English envoy Killegrew was writing to Cecil that the bishop of Ross managed all affairs of state.7 He was already judge in the Court of Session by 1564 and on 18 October 1565 he was present at his first session of the Privy Council; he attended almost every Privy Council meeting between April 1566 and May 1567. His role in the Court of Session is problematic: he himself claimed that he was made its President. But of that claim there is no tract at all in the records. That can hardly be a case of“old men forget” and Lesley s lole in the College of Justice appears to be remembered with advantages when he asserts that “he was deprived of his office of CSPScot., ii, 1563-9, nos. 261 and 400. * RPC, i, 380; 447-51 1 4 Margaret Beckett J. chief president which he had long discharged, because he refused to 4 profess the Calvinian heresy”. Ecclesiastical revenues if not power did come his way, as Commendator of Lindores, and, from 1566, as Bishop of Ross.10 After Mary was put in Loch Leven Castle and forced to abdicate Lesley withdrew “to his own country”, probably to Rosemarkie, and, in the account of his life written in the Tower he later claims: “I did privately employ my time in contemplation and study but on her escape the Queen sent for me to be employed in her service as was wont”. The 1 less trustworthy Life, written in the third person but undoubtedly with Lesley’s full approval, is more effusive: “When queen Mary was detained in England she sent for Bishop Lesley who was then residing in his church and see of Ross to come forthwith to England in order to defend her honour and to procure her liberty, as if she grounded all her hopes upon his vigilance, faithful concerns and vigorous endeavours”.11 Those hopes were not fulfilled. Lesley’s task in 1568 was threefold: first to defend the character of Mary and to counter a flood of propaganda which had poured from presses in Scotland and was gaining currency in England; second to expose the fiction that she had abdicated of her own free will, and third to appeal to Elizabeth to intervene and compel the Scots rebels to restore their queen, while brokering conditions which would be acceptable to them, for example that Mary would pardon past rebels provided they returned to their allegiance. It is doubtful if this project had any hope of success, in view of Cecil’s conviction that, as Nicholas Throckmorton assured him, “the general design of the Catholic powers is to exterminate all nations dissenting with them in religion”; the best way for England was that the Queen ot M. J. Beckett, “The Political Works of John Lesley” (Ph.D. dissertation. University ofSt Andrews, 2002), 21-2. 10 He obtained formal provision to the bishopric of Ross from the Pope only in 1575, after he had been deprived of “the income and profits thereof’ which he claimed in the Life he had enjoyed “so long as it was sate for him to stay in Scotland”. 11 Life, x. This is the only reference to Lesley ever living in Ross. Counsellor, Conspirator, Polemicist, Historian 5 Scots should remain deprived of her crown. Elizabeth was more ambivalent; no Queen of England could be happy to allow a precedent for the deposition ofa monarch ofa neighbouring state. The tribunals at York and Westminster settled nothing. Lesley was to some extent disarmed by Elizabeth telling him that “though I was not ofthat religion which she professed she loved me not the worse for that my cause so that I would continue to be a good and diligent servant to mistress”.1 ' He was probably the only commissioner at York to write an account of the proceedings there against Mary and to incorporate them into his later printed books.14 For five years Lesley concentrated on a campaign to make Mary’s plight known to all Europe and tried to influence events by letters, despatches, polemic and, eventually, plotting. In these years all his writings were either precipitated by the events of 1568-72 or profoundly influenced by the conditions in which they were produced.1'" But they touch on far broader issues than the personal fate of one individual: they include the right of resistance or the duty of non-resistance, the relationship between England and Scotland and the right ofwomen to rule - the title of one of his books. He also supported though he did not originate Lethington’s proposal that Mary should marry the Duke ofNorfolk. Elizabeth would have the assurance of Norfolk’s loyalty, and Norfolk’s power and influence should guarantee stability which neither Damley nor Bothwell had been able to ensure. But any hope of convincing Elizabeth of his good intentions vanished when Norfolk concealed the whole project from her before being ignominiously exposed by Moray. From 1571 Lesley seems to have tried to secure not merely Elizabeth’s recognition of Mary as her successor, but her overthrow. Certainly either his integrity or his judgment must be compromised by the following statement in the Life (not published till he was beyond the reach of the English 12 Alford, Burghley, 151-2. 13 The Account, 26. 14 Alford, The early Elizabethanpolity (Cambridge, 1998), 172. David McNaught Lockie, “The Political career of the Bishop of Ross 1568- 80”, HJUB iv, 98-137. , 6 Margaret.!. Beckett whom councillors to he had presented a very different account of his activities). He helped the Ambassadors of France and Spain with his interest which was very considerable among the English nobility, especially such as were Catholics, having for near three years worked both night and day with great pains and vigilance; upon which the Catholics took up arms in hopes of the assistance of those princes which they had been promised by the Ambassadors, but for want of supplies, ammunition and money, the sinews of war, all their endeavours for propagating the Catholic religion at that time became vain and fruitless.16 But there is no evidence that Lesley had any part in the outbreak ofthe Northern Rebellion of 1569, however adroitly he later tried to turn it to his advantage. Even after the papal Bull of 1570 Lesley advised the earl of Southampton to continue to obey the Queen “as long as she is the strongest party”. And he developed his ideas on non-resistance in a little known tract in the Codrington library ofAll Souls Oxford, described as “an excellent piece against resistance by the Bishop of Ross dated 4 march 1570”. 7 Until 1571 his aim was to reverse Mary’s overthrow in Scotland rather than to bring about that ofElizabeth in England. He was imprisoned at Burton early in 1569 apparently on information from his arch-enemy Moray but released without prejudicing his relations with Cecil and Mildmay: when they met with Mary at Chatsworth he had high hopes of the results of their negotiations. In fact his confinement gave him the leisure to work on his first, vernacular History of Scotland for Queen Mary and to revise two polemical books which he had written in support ofMary’s case; for the latter he had taken the precaution ofobtaining the approval of Elizabeth and her Council. The following year he was confined for four months in the house of the bishop of London, Grindal, whojudging by his plea to 16 Life, p. x. 17 All Souls, MS cc II fos. 123-4. 8 Counsellor, Conspirator, Polemicist, Historian 7 Cecil, seems to have found the experience more irksome than Lesley: “none ofthem are reformed that are sent to us and by receiving them the punishment lighteth upon us”. It seems that the confinement was more of a punishment for the host than for Lesley himself who contentedly immersed himself in the English records which were easily accessible, most notably Polydore Virgil. By 1571 all pretence of negotiation was abandoned, though Mary insisted that Lesley should remain in England. The catalyst was the downfall of Norfolk who in 1571 was shown to have broken a solemn undertaking “to meddle no further with that business of the marriage to Mary”. Lesley’s rooms were searched and he, suffering his second fit of the ague in a fortnight, was interrogated by Cecil, Mildmay and other members ofthe Council, and was deprived ofall his papers and in effect ofhis functions as ambassador. This time he was entrusted to the bishop of Ely in Holbom where he had the opportunity to read books by English chroniclers and by Peter Martyr, Bullinger, and other reformers urged on him by his host, who shared his low opinion of Knox and Goodman. But the tone soon changed. In October he was confronted with very public charges as “chiefauthor ofall rebellion and sedition in this land, and false traitor Scot”. The charge of treason Lesley would not countenance for a moment; all he had done had been for the sake ofthe quietness ofboth realms; he was no traitor to the Queen ofEngland but a Scotsman, faithful and true to his own prince.1 ’ He also argued that he was entitled to immunity as an ambassador — a point which he reiterated at great length and with massive use of precedents when he wrote a dazzling though sycophantic piece of rhetoric pleading for his release. The book, Pro libertate impetranda oratio has never until now been , translated but is to be part of a new edition of Nichols’ Progresses of Queen Elizabeth to be published shortly. Under pressure, and probably 1 Grindal to Cecil, Feb. 1569/70, in H. Ellis (ed.), Original Letters, iii (London 1847), 365-6. The conviction that as a Scot he was no traitor to England is consistent with the view that permeates his Histories ofthe relationship between England and Scotland. 8 Margaret Beckett J. threatened with the torture already used against his servants, he revealed all he knew; having been convinced that his gaolers were already in possession of ail the information he gave them, and that his evidence would not be used against any man. There is no doubt that fear induced the bishop to make admissions with which he was to reproach himself for the rest of his life and to which there are oblique references in his later devotional works. Elizabeth treated him with surprising clemency “she understood he was acting at the behest ofothers and so should not be blamed”. Mary’s reaction on receiving the account of his examination was also remarkably restrained, especially since it attributed to Lesley, on the word of one of his least scrupulous interrogators, Wilson, the astounding assertion that she had poisoned her first husband, connived at the death of her second and planned to dispose of her third. Shrewsbury her custodian, reported that on receiving Lesley’s own humiliating account of his revelations she commented only “a flayed priest, a fearful priest”, then adding: “yet another hath led his pen and were the cause of the writing thereof’. But, according to Lesley, the Council would never allow him to see her reply to him. If Mary had believed that the bishop, who, as he maintained in almost all his books, had for years been her staunchest if not her wisest supporter, to be guilty of such an abject betrayal, she would hardly have continued to show personal regard for him. But what he had admitted was incriminating enough and it haunted the bishop for the rest ofhis life, as did memories ofhis continued incarceration in the Tower. There is no evidence to support his allegation that “notwithstanding his privilege as an ambassador he was condemned to death contrary to the law of nations, for a whole year expecting daily to suffer a violent death by the hands of the public executioner, with many other Catholic noblemen who were beheaded”."0 He grumbled bitterly that he was deprived of paper, ink and even of light - yet his correspondence in the English state papers included confident orders for partridge, pheasant. 20 Life xi. , Counsellor, Conspirator, Polemicist, Historian 9 turkey and other delicacies and when he was released from the Tower his complaints show that he had not been deprived of all creature comforts: “the lord lieutenant kept my linen, silver plate and all other necessaries”. But for a man ofhis inquisitive temperament isolation was hardship enough “so close and straitly kept that I could have no manner of knowledge of what was done in the world, further than the four corners of my own prison and could have no kind of release ... and could never speak with one ofthe Council thereafter”. To judge by his later work he seems to have been permanently affected by what J.H. Bums called “the immense and sinister uncertainties which surrounded Elizabethan political prisoners”. The introduction to his account written in the Tower puts heavy emphasis on “the weary peregrinations of this life in which we are as it were exiled from God and live in misery ... full of pain and travail, anxieties, terror, miseries that rather it is to be called a daily dying than life, being subject to so many evils”." His experiences were put to more constructive use in two devotional and personal works for Mary’s benefit “I did mark in my reading certain passages of the scriptures to serve my own turn for my comfort. And because I understand the Queen my mistress to be vexed with the like disease [melancholy] which cannot be so well cured as by such like godly and wholesome medicine 1 have thought it my duty to write to her in this kind”. The manuscripts which he wrote for her in his own hand can be found, bound in white leather with Mary’s coat of arms, in Lambeth Palace Library.'3 Her response was to send Lesley French verses of her own composition prompted by her meditations on his reflections. In August 1572, thanks to the intercession and money of the French ambassador, he was entrusted to the custody ofthe Bishop of Winchester who was soon pleading, like Grindal before him, for ~ J.H. Burns, “Catholicism in Defeat”, History Today, xvi (1966), 793. Account, Preface, p. iii. Lambeth Palace Library MSS 556, “Piae afflicti Animi Consolationes, divinaque remedia followed by ‘Tranquilitatis animi praeservatio et munimentum”. These “Libri duo” are timeless meditations reflecting Christian stoicism in the tradition ofthe “Tower psalmists”. 10 Margaret Beckett J. delivery “from such a devilish sprite as my house is possessed withal”.24 But he was not relieved of the troublesome sprite for another 15 months. The Account of these years in England gives an unequalled insight into the workings of Lesley’s mind and the tensions and constraints within which he had to operate. And although he did not secure Mary’s restoration it is probable that the mission with which he had been charged was beyond the powers of any diplomat given the enduring dominance of Cecil and his conviction that for the safety of the state Mary should stay in England. Eventually Lesley’s entreaties in the oratio to Elizabeth bore fruit and he was released at the end of 573. 1 The sources for the next twenty-two years are patchy. He certainly rode to Rome in 1575, with his loyal and outspoken friend Ninian Winzet, the Scots Catholic polemicist, in his retinue. He applied himself to the cause of restoring the so-called “Scots” monasteries in Franconia with vigour and success and ensured that Winzet should be appointed abbot of Regensburg or Ratisbon in an attempt to propagate the Catholic faith in the Empire. At the same time he was completing his ambitious Latin History. He stayed in Vienna, and Prague where he “made some stay with the Emperor” and he sought support for attempts to engineer Catholic invasions of Scotland in order to restore Mary by force. These came to nothing and his attempts to secure a bishopric for himself in France were no more successful; an exasperated French cleric observed that “the Bishop of Ross never hears ofa benefice being vacant but he asks for it for himself’. In 1579 he was appointed suffragan of Rouen and in December 1592 he was translated, on paper, to the bishopric of Coutances; it was only then that he was released from the bond which bound him to the see of Ross. But he never returned to Scotland where in all he had spentjust over halfhis life. 24 Ellis (ed.), Original Letters, iii, 367. 25 M. Dilworth, The Scots in Franconia (Edinburgh, 1974), 15-18, explains the confusion which resulted when the Irish monks of Ratisbon called themselves, and were called, Scoti in their legal documents “though all their links were with Ireland”. Lesley had his own reasons to emphasize a Scottish connection which he must have known was, by 1578, spurious.