Contributions to Circumpolar Anthropology 4 National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution 2003 Arctic C^enter (Constructing (Cultures ^hen and !\]ow (Celebrating f^ranz £)oa5 and the Jesup North faclhc Expedition Smithsonian t ^ Institution X^^ir^ Libraries Gift of IGOR KRUPNIK ARCTIC STUDIES CENTER Constructing Cultures Then and Now Celebrating Franz Boas and the Jesup North Pacific Expedition VancouverInternationalAirport in Vancouver, B.C., greets passengers with two "Welcome Figures"created by SalishartistSusanPoint (1996). PhotographcourtesyBillMcLennan. (Constructing (^.ultures and ~]~hen i\jow Celebrating Tranz 5oas and the Jesup j\Jorth pacific Expedition LAUREL KENDALL AND IGOR KRUPNIK, EDITORS ^.-Tw^^ Publishedbythe /^^^^k Arctic Studies Center B^^'^B National Museum of Natural History I \jm^j^W Smithsonian Institution — Washington, D.C. ©2003 by the Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. All rights reserved 6f\l Printed in the United States ofAmerica 5 ISBN 0-9673429-4-5 (,3 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData '^0 3 y Constructing culturesthen and now celebrating Franz Boas andthe : Jesup North PacificExpedition/Laurel Kendalland IgorKrupnik, editors. — p. cm. (Contributions tocircumpolaranthropology ; 4) Revisions ofpapers originally presented atthe conference "Constructing CulturesThen and Now: Celebrating Franz Boas andthe Jesup North PacificExpedition" held attheAmerican Museum ofNatural History, NewYork City, in 1997. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-9673429-4-5 (pbk. alk. paper) : 1. JesupNorth PacificExpedition (1897-1902). 2. Ethnological expeditions—Russia(Federation)—Siberia—History. 3. Ethnological expeditions—Northwest Coast ofNorthAmerica—History. 4. Boas, Franz, I858-1942.5. Ethnology—Russia(Federation)—Siberia.6. Indians of North America—Northwest Coast ofNorth America—Social life and customs. 7. Siberia(Russia)—Social lifeand customs. 8. Northwest CoastofNorthAmerica—Social lifeand customs. I. Kendall, Laurel. II Krupnik, Igor. III.ArcticStudies Center(National Museum of Natural History). IV. Series. GN635.S5C65 2003 305.8'00957—dc22 200301 5439 °°ThG paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements ofthe American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Technical editor: Kathryn A. Malm Cover and series design: Anya Vinokour Production editors: Iris Hahn and Elisabeth Ward Printed by United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore, MD This publication is Volume 4 in the Arctic Studies Center series, Contributions to Circumpolar Anthropology, produced by the Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. THIS SERIES IS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART BY THE JAMES W. VANSTONE (1925-2001) ENDOWMENT Front cover; Franz Boas posing for exhibit group displaying Canadian Eskimo clothing and harpoon (AMNH 3220) Back cover.' An elderly Chukchi lady and her granddaughter in front ofthe traditional Chukchi skin tent erected for the local festival in the town ofTavaivaam, Chukotka, Russia. Photographer, Igor Krupnik, 1996 / \ NOV 2 4 ( j CO 1 Contributors vii List ofTables x List of Figures xi Abbreviations xiv Note on Cyrillic Transliteration xv FOREWORD XVll INTRODUCTION: A CENTENARY AND A CELEBRATION Laurel Kendall and Igor Krupnik 1 One part 00 Years ofJesup: The Intellectual Legacy ofthejesup Expedition 1 "THEAIM OFTHE EXPEDITION HAS IN THE MAIN BEEN ACCOMPLISHED": . . , WORDS, DEEDS, AND LEGACIES OF THEJESUP NORTH PACIFIC EXPEDITION Igor Krupnik and Nikolai Vakhtin 1 5 THE SO-CALLED "ESKIMO WEDGE": A CENTURY AFTERJESUP Don E. Dumond 33 FAILING AT BERING STRAIT?JESUP NORTH PACIFIC EXPEDITION AND THE STUDY OF CULTURE CONTACT Peter P. Schweitzer 49 DIFFUSION AND COLONIAL ANTHROPOLOGY: THEORIES OF CHANGE IN THE CONTEXT OF JESUP 1 Molly Lee and Nelson H. H. Graburn 79 THEJESUP EXPEDITION AND ITS ANALOGUES: A COMPARISON Stanley A. Freed, Ruth S. Freed, and Laila Williamson 89 part ~]~wo Anthropologies and Histories: Jesup Participants Then and Now FRANZ BOAS AND THE MUSIC OF THE NORTHWEST COAST INDIANS Ira Jacknis 1 5 BEYOND BOAS? RE-ASSESSING THE CONTRIBUTION OF "INFORMANT" AND "RESEARCH ASSISTANT": JAMES A. TEIT Wendy Wickwire 123 FRANZ BOAS AND AN "UNFINISHEDJESUP" ON SAKHALIN ISLAND: SHEDDING NEW LIGHT ON BERTHOLD L^UFER AND BRONISLAW PILSUDSKI Koichi Inoue 35 1 LOUIS SHOTRIDCE AND INDIGENOUS TLINCIT ETHNOGRAPHY: THEN AND NOW Nora Marks Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer 165 BILINGUAL/BICULTURAL INFORMANTS AND INTERPRETERS OF THE JESUP EXPEDITION ERA Sergei Kan 185 ree People, Animals, and Land: A Jesup Theme Revisited THEJESUP EXPEDITION AND THE MODERNIZATION OF NORTH PACIFIC NATURAL HISTORY Robert S. Hoffmann 201 THE LANGUAGES OF THE NORTH PACIFIC RIM, 1897-1997, AND THE JESUP EXPEDITION Michael E. Krauss 211 GENETIC PREHISTORY OF PALEOASIATIC SPEAKING POPULATIONS OF NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO NATIVE AMERICANS Theodore G. Schurr and Douglas C. Wallace 239 THE POST-JESUP CENTURY OF RESEARCH INTO THE PREHISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA Sergei A. Arutiunov 259 LIFE IN LOST VILLAGES: HOME, LAND, MEMORY AND THE SENSES OF LOSS IN POST-JESUP KAMCHATKA David Koester 269 fartTour Curators, Collectors, and Consumers HERITAGE ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE "JESUP-2" ERA: EXPLORING NORTH PACIFIC CULTURES THROUGH COOPERATIVE RESEARCH William W. Fitzhugh 287 ALEUT ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE LEGACY OF THE JESUP NORTH PACIFIC EXPEDITION Stephen Loring and Douglas W. Veltre 307 IN MEMORY OF VLADIMIR IVANOV-UNAROV, 1937-2000 Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer 334 THE REVITALIZATION OF THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF NORTHEAST SIBERIAN PEOPLES: THE ROLE OF THE JESUP EXPEDITION Vladimir Kh. Ivanov-Unarov and Zinaida I. Ivanova-Unarova 336 THE INVENTION AND PERPETUATION OF CULTURE: THE BOASIAN LEGACY AND TWO 20"' CENTURY WOMAN TOTEM POLE CARVERS AldonaJonaitis 349 CONSUMERS, THEN AND NOW Gloria CranmerWebster 361 vi contributors Sergei A. ArMt/wMovworks at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology in Moscow as Chair ofthe Depart- mentofthe Peoples ofthe Northern Caucasus. He is aleading Russian expert in ethnologyofthe Russian North and Far East, as well as a specialist onJapan and South Asia, the archaeology ofthe Bering Sea region, and Eskimo art. During the 1980s, he was the Russian team leaderforthe CrossroadsofContinentsexhibit project. Nora l\/larks Dauenhauer was born in Juneau, Alaska. She is internationally recognized for her fieldwork, translation and explication ofTlingit oral literature. From 1983 to 1997, she was Principal Researcher in Language and Cultural Studies at Sealaska Heritage Foundation inJuneau. She is married to Richard Dauenhauer, with whom she has co-authored several volumes ofTlingit language and folklore material. Richard Dauenhauer, born and raised in Syracuse, NY, has lived in Juneau, Alaska since 1969. Much of his professional work has focused on applied folklore and linguistics in the study, materials development, and teacher training in Alaska Native languages and oral literature. From 1983 to 1997, he was Director of Language and Cultural Studies at Sealaska Heritage Foundation,Juneau. Don E. Dumondis Professor Emeritus ofAnthropologyand Director Emeritus ofthe Museum of Natural History at the University of Oregon, Eugene. For more than forty years he has focused on archaeological fieldwork in southwestern Alaska. He has written widely on the prehistory ofAlaska. William W. Fitzhugh is Director ofthe Arctic Studies Center and Curator at the Department ofAnthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, DC. His interests include circumpolar prehistory and archaeology, maritime adaptations, and culture contacts. He has organized several special exhibit projects suchas Inua; CrossroadsofContinents;Ainu;and Vil<ings. Ruth S. Freed\s a Research Associate in the Division ofAnthropology at the AMNH in New York. With Stanley A. Freed, she has co-authored papers on the Washoe, Mohave, and Navajo as well as on thejesup Expedition (also with LailaWilliamson). She has taught at NewYork University and Seton Hall University. StanleyA. Freed'\s Curator Emeritus inthe Division ofAnthropologyattheAMNH in NewYork. A staffmember at the AMNH since 1960, he was in charge of North American ethnology. He has helped to create or renovate a number ofpermanent and temporary exhibitions dealing with the Northwest Coast, the Arctic, the Plains, and the Eastern Woodlands. Nelson H.H. Graburnis ProfessorofAnthropologyatthe UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeleyand CuratorofNorth America at the Phoebe Hearst Museum. He has published extensively on art and culture in the North, on the anthropology oftourism, and the anthropology of Canada and ofJapan. Robert S. Hoffmann is Curator Emeritus at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, and specializes in adaptation and evolutionary biology of northern land mammals. Formerly the vii Director of NMNH and Provost ofthe Smithsonian, he has worked closelywith North American, Russian, Mongolian, and Chinese colleagues in the circumpolar and North Pacific regions. Koichi Inoue is Professor of Ethnology at the Slavic Research Center of Hokkaido University in Sapporo,Japan. He specializes inthe ethnologyofindigenous peoples ofSiberiaand ofNorthern Eurasia, ingeneral. He did extensive fieldwork in the Russian Far East and Siberia. His current research interests include indigenous reindeer economies; theory ofethnos; and the life and work of Bronislaw Pilsudski. Vladimir Kh. Ivanov-Unarov (1937-2000) was one of the leading Sakha/Yakut scholars of the cultures of northern minoritypeoples ofthe Sakha Republic/Yakutia. Hewas a DepartmentChairinthe Instituteofthe Problems ofthe Minority Peoples ofthe North in Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia. Between 1992-97 he worked onjochelson's Yakut, Yukagir, and Even collections at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and he initiated a recent Russian translation ofJochelson's monograph on the Yukagir (1926). Zinaida I. Ivanova-Unamva is a professor at Yakutsk University in Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia. Originally from a northern Sakha village, she has written extensively on women master artists and on shamanic influences in Siberian Native art. She authored several books on Sakha art and worked with her late husband, Vladimir Ivanov- Unarov, on theJesup Expedition collections in New York. IraJacknis is Research Anthropologist at the Phoebe Hearst Museum ofAnthropology, University ofCalifornia at Berkeley. His research interests include the art and culture ofthe Native peoples ofWestern North America, the historyofanthropology, museums, and photography. He isthe authorof TheStorageBoxofTradition:KwakiutIArt, Anthropologists, andMuseums, 1881-1981 (2002). Aldona Jonaitis, is Director of the University of Alaska Museum. Prior to her current position, she was Vice Presidentfor Public Programs attheAmerican Museum ofNatural History. She hastaughtatthe UniversityofAlaska Fairbanks, SUNY at Stony Brook, and Columbia University. She has authored numerous books, papers, and publica- tions and exhibit catalogs on Northwest Coast Native art. Sergei Kan is Professor of Anthropology and Native American Studies at Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH. Most of his publications deal with Tlingit culture and the history of Russian Orthodox Christianity in southeastern Alaska. Recently he has been writing a book about Russian anthropologist Lev Shternberg discussing Shternberg's relationships with Franz Boas and other members oftheJesup Expedition. Laurel Kendall\s Curator ofAsian Ethnographic Collections at the American Museum of Natural History. She is best known for her writing on shamans, ritual life, and gender issues in Korea. Kendall was Project Directorforthe AMNHJesup Centenary celebration and co-editor ofa catalog ofthe photographs oftheJesup Expedition, Drawing Shadows toStone(1997), with Barbara Mathe and Thomas Ross Miller David Koester'\s a cultural anthropologist at the University ofAlaska Fairbanks and a specialist in the peoples of the circumpolar North. His publications, based on long-term fieldwork in Iceland and Kamchatka, Russia, have focused on the ideological, social and material mechanisms associated with socio-cultural change and continuity. Michael E. Krauss is the former director ofthe Alaska Native Language Center, University ofAlaska Fairbanks. He is a leading specialist in the preservation and survival ofthe Native languages ofAlaska, Siberia, and the circum- polararea. His latest contributions include a detailed map of Native language areas forthe Inuit-Yupik-Aleut Region and a report on the status ofindigenous languages ofthe North for UNESCO. Igor Krupnik, Arctic Ethnologist at the Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, is currently coordinator of various international projects studying the impacts of global climate change and the viii