INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL THEORY CONSOCIATIONALISM AND POWER-SHARING IN EUROPE Arend Lijphart’s Theory of Political Accommodation EDITED BY MICHAELINA JAKALA, DURUKAN KUZU, AND MATT QVORTRUP International Political Theory Series Editor Gary Browning Oxford Brookes University Oxford, United Kingdom The Palgrave Political Theory Series provides students and scholars with cutting-edge scholarship that explores the ways in which we theorise the international. Political theory has by tradition implicitly accepted the bounds of the state, and this series of intellectually rigorous and innovative monographs and edited volumes takes the discipline forward, reflecting both the burgeoning of IR as a discipline and the concurrent internation- alisation of traditional political theory issues and concepts. Offering a wide-ranging examination of how International Politics is to be inter- preted, the titles in the series thus bridge the IR-political theory divide. The aim of the series is to explore international issues in analytic, historical and radical ways that complement and extend common forms of conceiv- ing international relations such as realism, liberalism and constructivism. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14842 Michaelina Jakala • Durukan Kuzu Matt Qvortrup Editors Consociationalism and Power-Sharing in Europe Arend Lijphart’s Theory of Political Accommodation Editors Michaelina Jakala Durukan Kuzu Coventry University Coventry University Coventry, United Kingdom Coventry, United Kingdom Matt Qvortrup Coventry University Coventry, United Kingdom International Political Theory ISBN 978-3-319-67097-3 ISBN 978-3-319-67098-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67098-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017956404 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. 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Cover illustration: Tom Corban / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland C ontents 1 Consociationalism After Half a Century 1 Arend Lijphart 2 Understanding Patterns of Democracy: Reconsidering Societal Divisions and Bringing Societal Culture Back In 11 Renske Doorenspleet and Ammar Maleki 3 T he Limits of Consociational Power Sharing 35 Henry Jarrett 4 W hat Politicians Can Teach Academics: ‘Real’ Politics, Consociationalism and the Northern Ireland Conflict 55 Paul Dixon 5 C onsociation, Conditionality, and Commitment: Making Peace in Northern Ireland 85 Timothy J. White 6 D ialogue, Democracy and Government Communication: Consociationalism in Northern Ireland 103 Charis Rice and Ian Somerville v vi CONTENTS 7 The 2016 European Union Referendum, Consociationalism and the Territorial Constitution of the UK 129 Andrew Blick 8 Arend Lijphart and Consociationalism in Cyprus 155 Neophytos Loizides 9 The Paradox of Direct Democracy and Elite Accommodation: The Case of Switzerland 177 Matt Qvortrup Conclusion: Consociationalism After Fifty Years: Reflections and Pathways Forward 197 Index 201 L C ist of ontributors editors Michaelina Jakala is a research fellow at the Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University. She was awarded a PhD in Peace Studies from the University of Bradford in 2011. Her thesis explored post-war lived experiences of female survivors of wartime sexual violence in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH). Prior to joining Coventry, she worked at Newcastle University on an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)-funded project exploring individual attitudes towards outreach activities and the implications of these activities and initiatives on commu- nity engagement and the practices of the Court of BiH. She has published in journals such as Political Geography and the Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Dr Jakala is the Co-Director of the Erasmsus+ BUILDPEACE project. Her current research interests focus on the lived experiences of transitional justice and peacebuilding. Durukan Kuzu is the author of Multiculturalism in Turkey: The Kurds and the State. He holds a PhD in Government Politics and an MSc in Comparative Politics from the London School of Economics and Political Science. Dr Kuzu currently works as a Research Fellow/Senior Lecturer at Coventry University and his research interests are centred on contempo- rary political theory, multiculturalism, human rights, ethnic conflict, diver- sity, refugees, referendums, Corsican nationalism and the Kurdish question. He was also the co-chair of the Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, UK.  He has published in peer-reviewed vii viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS journals such as Nations and Nationalism, Comparative European Politics, and the Journal on Ethno-politics and Minority Issues in Europe. Matt Qvortrup is Professor of Applied Political Science and International Relations at Coventry University. An expert on comparative constitutional engineering and European Politics, Professor Qvortrup’s book Angela Merkel: Europe’s Most Influential Leader (2017) was described by Kirkus Reviews as “necessary reading for anyone who wants to broaden his or her perspective on the world today.” Awarded the PSA Prize in 2013 for his research on ‘Terrorism and Political Science’, he served as a Specialist Advisor to the House of Commons Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee. He has previously worked as a member of President Obama’s Special Envoy Team in Africa (2009–2010). Before his career as an academic Dr Qvortrup served as Head of the Gun Crime Section in the British Home Office (2002–2004) and before that as a Special Advisor to the Home Secretary (Minister for the Interior). Professor Qvortrup earned his doctorate in Politics at Brasenose College, University of Oxford in 2000. Also a qualified lawyer, he holds a Diploma from the College of Law, London. A frequent commentator for the BBC, Professor Qvortrup writes regularly for Bloomberg. Contributors Andrew Blick (Kings College London) is a lecturer in Politics and Contemporary History at King’s College London. Dr Andrew Blick is the author of numerous articles, pamphlets and books on UK constitutional history. He is Director of History and Policy, an organization that brings together historians and policy makers. Paul Dixon is Honorary Research Fellow at Birkbeck College, University of London. He is the author of Northern Ireland: The Politics of War and Peace (Palgrave, 2008, 2nd edition), and the editor of The British Approach to Counterinsurgency (Palgrave 2012) and Performing the Northern Ireland Peace Process: In Defence of Politics, which will be published in 2018. Renske Doorenspleet (University of Warwick) is an associate professor in Comparative Politics at the University of Warwick. Her research has focused on democracy in divided countries, building political institutions and how people view democracy. Her articles have been published in World Politics, Democratization, Acta Politica, the International Political LIST OF CONTRIBUTOR S ix Science Review, Ethnopolitics, Government and Opposition and the European Journal of Political Research. She is the author of one mono- graph on transitions to democracy (2005) and the editor of two books on party systems in Africa (2013, 2014). Henry Jarrett (University of Exeter) is an Associate Lecturer at the University of Exeter, where he completed his PhD in January 2016. His research interests include ethnic politics and electoral systems in divided societies, and he has a particular interest in the cases of Northern Ireland, Belgium, Malaysia and South Africa. Arend Lijphart is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at University of California San Diego. Lijphart’s field of specialization is comparative poli- tics, and his current research is focused on the comparative study of demo- cratic institutions. He is the author or editor of more than a dozen books, including Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration (1977), Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries (1984), Power-Sharing in South Africa (1985), Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (1986), Parliamentary Versus Presidential Government (1992), Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies (1994), and Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (1999; 2nd ed., 2012). Lijphart has received numerous awards throughout his presti- gious career in recognition of his groundbreaking research. In 1989, he was elected to the National Academy of Arts and Sciences, from 1995 to 1996 he served as President of the American Political Science Association, and in 2010 he received the Constantine Panunzio Distinguished Emeritus Award. Neophytos Loizides (University of Kent) is a professor in International Conflict Analysis School of Politics & International Relations, Rutherford College University of Kent and the associate editor of Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. His most recent books are Designing Peace: Cyprus and Institutional Innovations in Divided Societies (2015) and The Politics of Majority Nationalism: Framing Peace, Stalemates and Crises (2015). Ammar  Maleki (Tilburg University) is an assistant professor in Comparative Politics at the Tilburg School of Politics and Public Administration, Tilburg University. His comparative research focuses on the relation between models of democracy, patterns of societal culture, and cultural compatibility. His work has been published in Cross-Cultural