Complications in Small Animal Surgery Dominique Griffon Annick Hamaide Edited by and Complications in Small Animal Surgery Dedication À Emmanuel, pour ta presence et ta patience To Maxime and Etienne, my amazing sons: May this work inspire you to reach your full potential —Dominique Griff on To Bernard, for his infi nite patience To Sam and Zoé, who remind me every day the priorities of Life —Annick Hamaide Complications in Small Animal Surgery Edited by Dominique Griffon DMV, MS, PhD, DECVS, DACVS Professor and Associate Dean for Research College of Veterinary Medicine Western University of Health Sciences Pomona, CA, USA Annick Hamaide DVM, PhD, Dipl ECVS Associate Professor, Surgical Oncology Department of Clinical Sciences (Companion Animals and Equids) School of Veterinary Medicine University of Liège Liège, Belgium Th is edition fi rst published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Complications in small animal surgery (2016) Complications in small animal surgery / edited by Dominique Griff on, Annick Hamaide. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-95962-6 (cloth) I. Griff on, Dominique., 1965– editor. II. Hamaide, Annick., 1965– editor. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Animal Diseases—surgery. 2. Animals, Domestic—surgery. 3. Intraoperative Complications—veterinary. 4. Postoperative Complications—veterinary. 5. Surgical Procedures, Operative—veterinary. SF 911] SF911 636.0897—dc23 2015013294 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Front cover images: Top left image: See fi gure 78.2’s caption. Top middle image: See fi gure 2.1’s caption. Top right image: See fi gure 113.9’s caption. Main, central image: courtesy of Dominique Griff on. Cover design by Matt Kuhns Set in 9/11pt Minion Pro by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India Printed in [Country only] 1 2016 Contents List of Contributors, ix 17 Complications Associated with Rehabilitation Modalities, 118 Preface and Acknowledgements, xiii Debra Canapp, Lisa M. Fair, and Sherman Canapp About the companion website, xv 18 Degenerative Joint Disease, 126 Guillaume Ragetly and Dominique Griff on Section 1: Surgical Infections, 1 1 Surgical Wound Infections, 3 Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori Section 3: Surgery of the Head and Neck, 135 2 Sepsis, 8 19 Dorsal Rhinotomy, 137 Galina Hayes and Brigitte A. Brisson Gert ter Haar 3 Pyothorax, 15 20 Sublingual and Mandibular Sialadenectomy, 144 Jackie L. Demetriou Cheryl Hedlund 4 Peritonitis, 20 21 Incisional Drainage of Aural Hematomas, 150 Marjan Doom and Hilde de Rooster Cheryl Hedlund 5 Osteomyelitis, 28 22 Ear Canal Surgery, 155 Dominique Griff on Gert ter Haar 6 Septic Arthritis, 34 23 Ventral Bulla Osteotomy, 164 John Innes Cheryl Hedlund 7 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Infections, 39 24 Surgical Management of Brachycephalic Airway Scott Weese Obstructive Syndrome, 171 8 Hospital-Associated Infections, 45 Cyril Poncet Maureen Anderson and Scott Weese 25 Surgical Management of Laryngeal Paralysis, 178 Gert ter Haar 26 Th yroidectomy, 185 Section 2: General Postoperative Complications, 55 Chad Schmiedt 9 Dehiscence, 57 27 Parathyroidectomy, 193 Stéphanie Claeys Chad Schmiedt 10 Suture Reactions, 64 28 Tracheal Surgery, 198 Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori Barbara Kirby 11 Hyperthermia, 66 29 Tracheal Stenting, 206 Kris Gommeren Laura Cuddy 12 Hemorrhage, 72 Jane Ladlow 13 Anorexia, 79 Section 4: Dental and Oral Surgery, 215 Angela Witzel 30 Repair of Mandibular and Maxillary 14 Management of Surgical Pain, 84 Fractures, 217 Lyon Lee and Reza Seddighi Christian Bolliger 15 Complications Associated with, 31 Partial Mandibulectomy, 229 Nonsteroidal Antiinfl ammatory Drugs, 97 Julius Liptak Reza Seddighi and Lyon Lee 32 Partial Maxillectomy, 237 16 Complications Associated with External Julius Liptak Coaptation, 110 33 Lingual Surgery, 245 Dominique Griff on Julius Liptak v vi Contents 34 Tooth Extractions, 249 Section 7: Gastrointestinal Surgery, 411 Anson J. Tsugawa 57 Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus and Gastropexies, 413 35 Tonsillectomy, 263 Zoë Halfacree Jonathan Bray 58 Gastric Outfl ow Procedures, 424 36 Repair of Congenital Defects of the Hard and Jeff rey J. Runge Soft Palates, 265 59 Small Intestine Surgery, 429 Jonathan Bray Jean-Philippe Billet 60 Large Intestine Surgery, 435 Section 5: Thoracic Surgery, 269 Jean-Philippe Billet 37 General Complications, 271 61 Hepatic and Biliary Tract Surgery, 441 Hervé Brissot Anne Kummeling 38 Th oracostomy and Th oracocentesis, 284 62 Pancreatic Surgery, 446 Alison Moores Heidi Phillips 39 Complications Aft er Intercostal and Sternal 63 Portosystemic, 461 Th oracotomy, 294 Barbara Kirby Alison Moores 40 Th oracoscopy, 300 Section 8: Surgery of the Urinary Tract, 467 Eric Monnet 64 General Complications, 469 41 Bronchial and Pulmonary Surgery, 305 Anne Kummeling Hervé Brissot 65 Complications Specifi c to Lithotripsy, 473 42 Chylothorax, 313 Joseph W. Bartges, Amanda Callens, and India Lane Carolyn A. Burton 66 Renal Transplantation, 481 43 Esophagoscopy and Esophageal Surgery, 319 Andrew Kyles Robert J. Hardie 67 Ureteral Surgery, 486 44 Aortic Arch Anomalies, 323 Stéphanie Claeys and Annick Hamaide Robert J. Hardie 68 Surgery of the Urinary Bladder, 492 45 Th ymectomy, 328 Annick Hamaide Rachel Burrow 69 Urethrostomy in Male Dogs, 497 46 Pericardial Surgery, 335 Joshua Milgram Daniel J. Brockman 70 Feline Perineal Urethrostomy, 500 47 Patent Ductus Arteriosus, 338 Joshua Milgram Daniel J. Brockman 48 Cardiac Pacemaker Implantation, 343 Rachel Burrow and Sonja Fonfara Section 9: Surgery of the Reproductive Tract, 505 71 Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy, 507 Annick Hamaide Section 6: General Abdominal Surgery, 353 72 Pyometra, 517 49 Celiotomy, 355 Kathryn Pratschke Hilde de Rooster 73 Cesarean Section, 522 50 Laparoscopy, 362 Bart Van Goethem Gilles Dupré and Valentina Fiorbianco 74 Orchiectomy, 528 51 Hiatal Herniorrhaphy, 370 Bart Van Goethem Stephen J. Baines 75 Prostatic Cyst and Abscess Drainage, 534 52 Diaphragmatic Herniorrhaphy, 375 Henry L’Eplattenier Stephen J. Baines 76 Prostatectomy, 539 53 Peritoneal Pericardial Herniorrhaphy, 383 Henry L’Eplattenier Laura J. Owen 54 Perineal Herniorrhaphy, 388 Lynne A. Snow Section 10: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 543 55 Adrenalectomy, 395 77 Open Wounds, 545 Brigitte Degasperi and Gilles Dupré Davina Anderson 56 Splenectomy, 401 78 Reconstructive Flaps, 554 Paolo Buracco and Federico Massari Stéphanie Claeys Contents vii 79 Skin Graft ing, 561 101 Loss of Function in Performance Dogs, 680 Stéphanie Claeys Lauren Pugliese and Jon Dee 80 Anal Sac Excision, 569 102 Carpal Contracture, 686 Lynne A. Snow Alessandro Piras and Tomas Guerrero 81 Feline Onychectomy, 573 103 Quadriceps Contracture, 692 Ameet Singh and Brigitte A. Brisson Darryl Millis 104 Fracture-Associated Sarcoma, 697 G. Elizabeth Pluhar Section 11: Neurologic Surgery, 577 105 Th ermal Pain, 702 82 General Complications, 579 G. Elizabeth Pluhar Belinda Comito 106 Complications in External Skeletal Fixation, 704 83 Myelography, 584 Gian Luca Rovesti Belinda Comito 107 Complications Specifi c to Locking Plates, 714 84 Ventral Slot and Fenestration, 590 Randy Boudrieau Wanda Gordon-Evans 85 Dorsal Laminectomy, 596 Section 13: Salvage Orthopedic Procedures, 727 Wanda Gordon-Evans 108 Arthrodesis, 729 86 Hemilaminectomy, 602 Dominique Griff on Wanda Gordon-Evans 109 Amputation, 735 87 Ventral Cervical Fusion, 606 Maria Fahie Wanda Gordon-Evans 110 Limb Spare Procedures, 743 88 Vertebral Fracture Repair, 610 Jennifer Covey and Nicholas Bacon Wanda Gordon-Evans 89 Craniotomy and Craniectomy, 615 Belinda Comito Section 14: Surgery of the Coxofemoral Joint, 751 90 Intracranial Shunt Placement, 620 111 Femoral Head and Neck Excision, 753 Belinda Comito Wing Tip Wong 112 Complications of Double and Triple Pelvic Osteotomies, 759 Section 12: Management of Fractures and Aldo Vezzoni Osteotomies: Perioperative Complications, 627 113 Total Hip Replacement, 778 91 Inadequate Fracture Reduction (Malreduction), 629 William Liska and Jonathan Dyce Ann Johnson 114 Complications of Total Hip Replacement with the Zurich 92 Improper Placement of Implants, 633 Cementless System, 834 Ann Johnson Aldo Vezzoni 93 Limb Shortening, 637 115 Open Reduction of Coxofemoral Luxations, 845 Ann Johnson Mark Rochat 94 Implant Failure, 641 Ann Johnson Section 15: Surgery of the Stifl e, 857 95 Premature Physeal Closure Aft er Fracture, 649 116 Complications Associated with Open versus Arthroscopic Ann Johnson Examination of the Stifl e, 859 96 Avascular Necrosis, 655 Antonio Pozzi and Stanley Kim Dominique Griff on 117 Complications associated with cranial cruciate 97 Bone Resorption, 658 ligament repair, 867 Dominique Griff on Dominique Griff on 98 Delayed Union, 665 118 Complications Associated with the Treatment of Ann Johnson Patellar Luxation, 889 99 Nonunion, 669 Abimbola Oshin Ann Johnson 119 Complications Associated with Autogenous 100 Malunion, 673 Osteochondral Repair, 897 Andrew Worth Noel Fitzpatrick viii Contents Section 16: Surgery of the Scapulohumeral 122 Ulnar Osteotomy and Ostectomy, 924 Joint, 903 Dominique Griff on 120 Shoulder Dislocation and Instability, 905 123 Complications of Sliding Humeral Osteotomy, 930 Brian Beale Noel Fitzpatrick Section 17: Surgery of the Elbow, 917 Index, 937 121 Reduction of Elbow Luxations, 919 Peter Böttcher