Communications Engineering Desk Reference Note from the Publisher This book has been compiled using extracts from the have entailed the re-numbering of Sections and Figures. In following books within the range of Communications viewofthebreadthofcontentandstyleofthesourcebooks, Engineering books inthe Elsevier collection: there is some overlap and repetition of material between chapters and significant differences in style, but these Dowla (2004) Handbook of RF and Wireless Technology, features have been left in order to retain the flavour and 9780750676953 readability ofthe individual chapters. Da Silva (2001) High Frequency and Microwave Engineer- ing, 9780750650465 End ofchapterquestions Fette (2006) Cognitive Radio Technology, 9780750679527 Within the book, several chapters end with a set of Kitchen (2001) RF and Microwave Radiation Safety, questions;pleasenotethatthese questionsarefor reference 9780750643559 only. Solutions are not always provided for these Ellis, Pursell and Rahman (2003) Voice, Video and Data questions. Network Convergence, 9780122365423 Unitsofmeasure Van der Schaar and Chou (2007) Multimedia over IP and Wireless Networks,9780120884803 UnitsareprovidedineitherSIorIPunits.Aconversiontable Zhao and Guibas (2004) Wireless Sensor Networks: An for theseunits isprovidedat the frontof the book. Information ProcessingApproach, 9781558609143 Upgrade toan Electronic Version Dahlman et al. (2007) 3G Evolution, 9780123725332 An electronic version of the Desk reference, the Communi- Correia (2006) Mobile Broadband Multimedia Networks: cationsEngineering e-Mega Reference,9780123746498 Techniques,Models andTools for 4G, 9780123694225 Dobkin (2005) RF Engineering for Wireless Networks, (cid:2) Afullysearchable Mega ReferenceeBook, providing all 9780750678735 theessentialmaterialneededbyCommunications Bensky (2004) Short Range Wireless Communication, Engineersonaday-to-daybasis. 9780750677820 DeCusatis (2002) Handbook of Fiber Optic Data Commu- (cid:2) Fundamentals,keytechniques,engineeringbestpractice andrules-of-thumbatonequickclickofabutton nication, 9780122078910 Jack (2007) Video Demystified, 9780750683951 (cid:2) Over 1,500 pages of reference material, including over Bovik (2005) Handbook of Image and Video Processing, 1,000pagesnotincludedintheprintedition 9780121197926 Theextractshavebeentakendirectlyfromtheabovesource Go to http://www.elsevierdirect.com/9780123746481 books, with some small editorial changes. These changes and click onEbook Available Communications Engineering Desk Reference Amsterdam$Boston$Heidelberg$London$NewYork$Oxford Paris$SanDiego$SanFrancisco$Sydney$Tokyo AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP,UK 525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA Firstedition2009 Copyright(cid:2)2009ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.AlternativelyvisittheScienceandTechnologywebsiteat www.elsevierdirect.com/rightsforfurtherinformation Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsor propertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor operationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein. Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independentverificationof diagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-374648-1 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitour websiteatelsevierdirect.com PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 09 10 11 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents AuthorBiographies ...................................................................vii Section1 INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1 1.0 Introduction.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .3 Section2 RFENGINEERING .............................................................. 13 2.1 Basic features ofradio communicationsystems. ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ....15 2.2 Transmission lines... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ....41 2.3 Softwaredefined radio ... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ....69 2.4a The software defined radio as a platform for cognitive radio. .... .... ..... .... .... ....91 2.4b Cognitive radio:The technologiesrequired . .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...115 2.5 Introduction to RF and microwave radiation.... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...139 Section3 NETWORKCOMMUNICATIONS................................................... 151 3.1 Data and voice traffic. .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...153 3.2 Networkinfrastructure.... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...165 3.3 VoIP technology. .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...189 3.4 Channelprotection fundamentals .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...201 3.5 Networkadaptivemedia transport ... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...223 3.6 Real-time communicationovernetworks .. .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...233 3.7 Wireless sensornetworks . ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...247 Section4 MOBILECOMMUNICATIONS..................................................... 257 4.1 Background of3G evolution .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...259 4.2 The motives behindthe 3G evolution . .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...267 4.3 High data rates in mobile communications. .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...273 4.4 OFDM transmission.. .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...281 4.5 Scheduling, link adaptation and hybridARQ.... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...295 4.6 WCDMAevolution: HSPAand MBMS. .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...305 4.7 Propagation modelling and channel characterisation.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...313 Section5 SHORTRANGEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATION........................................ 381 5.1 Wireless local area networks.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...383 5.2 Short-range wireless applications and technologies... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...413 Section6 OPTICALDATACOMMUNICATION................................................. 441 6.1 Optical fiber, cable and connectors... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...443 v CONTENTS Section7 VIDEOANDIMAGEPROCESSING ................................................. 461 7.1 Introduction to video... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .463 7.2 Colour spaces ... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .469 7.3 Video signals overview . .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .483 7.4 Video compression .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .501 Section8 APPENDIX................................................................... 523 List ofacronyms . ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .525 Index ........................................................................... 529 vi Author Biographies Per Beming joined Ericsson in 1994 and he has worked Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Tech- with radio access concept development and standardi- nology Best StudentPaper Award in 2002. zation, primarily with architecture questions. The most Dr. Philip A. Chou is a Principal Researcher with prevalent examples are GPRS, WCDMA, HSPA, and Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington, and man- LTE-SAE. He has been a key member of 3GPP TSG ages the Communication and Collaboration Systems RAN since 1999. Currently Per is responsible for stan- research group. He has lectured at the Universities of dardizationatDevelopingUnitRadiowithintheBusiness Stanford, Washington, and the Chinese University of Unit Networks, and is also manages a group of systems Hong Kong. He currently serves as coordinator of the managers working with concept development and awards subcommittee of the IEEE SP Society Multi- standardization. media Signal Processing technical committee (MMSP AlanBenskyisanelectronicsengineeringconsultantwith TC). He also serves on the editorial board of the IEEE over 30 years of experience in analog and digital design, Signal Processing Magazine. He is a Fellow of the IEEE management, and marketing. Specializing in wireless andistherecipientof,amongstotherawards,theSignal circuits and systems, he has carried out projects for Processing Society Paper Award and the IEEE Trans- a variety of military and consumer applications and led actions on Multimedia Best PaperAward. the development of three patents on wireless distance Luis M. Correia is Professor in Telecommunications at measurement. He has authored two books on wireless Technical University of Lisbon. He has acted as a con- communication and has written several articles in sultant for Portuguese GSM operatorsand thetelecom- international and local publications. Bensky has taught municationsregulator.Hehasauthoredmanypapersand electrical engineering courses, gives lectures on radio communications in international journals and confer- engineering topics and isa seniormemberof IEEE. ences,forwhichhehasservedalsoasareviewer,editor, and board member. He has served as evaluator and Dr.AlanBovikisaProfessorattheUniversityofAustin auditor in ACTS, ESPRITand IST frameworks, besides inTexasintheDepartmentsofElectricalandComputer severalnationalagenciesworldwide,andwaspartofthe Engineering, Computer Sciences and Biomedical Engi- COST Domain Committee on ICT. He was the Chair- neering. He is the inventor or co-inventor of, amongst man of the Technical Program Committee of otherwell-knowninventions, OrderStatisticFiltersand PIMRC’2002. He is part of the Expert Advisory Group theImageModulationModel.Hehaspublishedover450 and of the Steering Board of the European eMobility technical articles and holds two U.S. patents. Dr Bovik platform. has received many awards, including the Technical Achievement Award and the Distinguished Lecturer Dr.ErikDahlmanhasbeenwithEricssonResearchsince Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society. He is 1993 and where he currently holds a position of Senior aFellowoftheIEEEandaFellowoftheOpticalSociety ExpertintheareaofRadioAccessTechnologies.Hehas of America and has been involved in numerous pro- been heavily involved in the development and standard- fessional society activities. He is also a registered Pro- ization of 3G radio-access technologies, including fessionalEngineerintheStateofTexasandisafrequent WCDMA, HSPA, and LTE, both within local standard- consultant tolegal,industrial and academic institutions. ization bodies such as ETSI and ARIB, as well as within theglobal 3GPPorganization. Bruno Clerckx is currently Senior Engineer at Samsung ElectronicsinKorea.Hehasbeenworkingon3GPPLTE Dr. Ed da Silva is a former Tenured Academic for the RAN 1 and is currently involved in IEEE 802.16m. He Open University Telematics Department and Professor previously held a visiting research position at the Smart and Head of the Electrical Department at Etisalat Col- Antennas Research Group (Information Systems Labo- lege. He spent over fifteen years in the industry in the ratory), Stanford University (CA, USA). He is the USA, UK, Japan and Hong Kong, before spending over author of more than 30 research papers as well as mul- fifteen years in academia in the UK, United Arab tiple standard contributions. He also holds several Emirates and Nigeria. He also designed equipment for Korean and international patents. He received the IEEE NASA’s Apollo Moon Landings. vii AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Dr. Casimer DeCusatis is an IBM Distinguished Engi- theroleofTechnicalChair,andisapanelistfortheIEEE neer and Technical Executive based in Poughkeepsie, Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing N.Y.HeisanIBMMasterInventorwithover70patents, Industrial Technology Track. Dr. Fette currently heads and recipient of several industry awards, including the the General Dynamics Signal Processing Center of Ex- IEEE Kiyo Tomiyasu Award and the EDN Innovator of cellence in theCommunicationNetworks Division. the Year. He is co-author of more than 100 technical Professor Leonidas Guibas is Professor of Computer papers, book chapters, and encyclopedia articles, and is Science (and by courtesy, Electrical Engineering) at alsoco-leaderoftheIBMAcademyofTechnologystudy Stanford, having previously worked for Xerox PARC, ‘‘Innovation Ecosystems’’. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, Stanford,MIT,andDEC/SRC.AtStanfordheheadsthe Optical SocietyofAmerica,andSPIE(theinternational Geometric Computation group within the Graphics optical engineering society), and various other pro- Laboratoryandhasdevelopednewcoursesinalgorithms fessional organizations and honorsocieties. and data structures, geometric modeling, geometric al- Dr. Daniel Dobkin has been involved in the de- gorithms, sensor networks, and biocomputation. He is velopment, manufacturing, and marketing of communi- alsopartoftheAILaboratorytheBio-XProgram,andthe cations devices, components, and systems for thirty Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engi- years. He is the author of three books and about 30 neering.ProfessorGuibasisanACMFellowandwinner technical publications, and holds 7 US patents as in- of the ACM/IEEEAllenNewellaward. ventororco-inventor.Hehastwentyyearsofexperience Keith Jack is Director of Product Marketing at Sigma insemiconductorprocessdevelopment,andtenyearsin Designs,aleadingsupplierofhigh-performanceSystem- radio engineering and RFID. He has taught classes on on-Chip (SoC) solutions for the IPTV, Blu-ray, and chemicalvapordeposition,antennaprinciples,andradio- HDTV markets. Previously, he was Director of Product frequency identification in theUSand Asia. Marketing at Innovision, focused on solutions for digital Professor Farid Dowla is a senior research engineer at televisions. Mr. Jack has also served as Strategic Mar- the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) keting Manager at Harris Semiconductor and Brooktree and has been at LLNL since 1984. His present research Corporation. He has architected and introduced to interests include high-frequency radio-wave communi- market over 35 multimedia SoCs for the consumer cations, and micro-wave and millimeter-wave radar im- markets. agingtechniques.Healsoworkedmanyyearsintheareas of seismic, acoustics, and biomedical signal processing. Ronald Kitchen was with the Royal Air Force for four- He has taught graduate and undergraduate electrical teenyearsfromtheageofsixteen.HejoinedtheMarconi engineering courses in signal processing and communi- Company in 1955 and was appointed Marconi Research cations at U.C. Berkeley and U. C. Davis. Quality Manager and Radiation Protection Officer in 1971, carrying out just under 1000 radiation in- Juanita Ellis has been at the forefront in working with vestigations. He retired in 1990 and set up his own corporations in the areas of Convergence, Computer consultancy.Asavisitingconsultant,hecreatedacourse Security and E-business. Some of these companies at Marconi College, training 142 Military officers and include Sony, JcPenney, SWBell, Boeing, Xerox, Bell SeniorNCOs.HewasawardedtheBritishEmpireMedal Atlantic,MCI,CitibankandToyota.Currently,shehelps forservices toGEC Marconi. companies deploy Voice and Data networks, Converged Solutions, VPN Security and Call Center applications. Dr. Wing-Kuen Ling has lectured at King’s College She has also been a keynote speaker for Women in London since 2004. He is the author of the textbook Technology and companies such as Cisco and SWBell. Nonlinear Digital Filters: Analysis and Applications and She has lectured for the University of Maryland an editor of the research monograph Control Chaos for European Division, Southern Methodist University, Na- CircuitsandSystems:APracticalApproach.Hisresearch tional Technology University and UCLA’s Anderson interestsincludesymbolicdynamics,optimizationtheory SchoolofBusinessandEngineeringExtensionPrograms. andapplications,filterbanksandwavelets,andfuzzyand impulsive control theory and applications. Dr. Bruce Fette is Chief Scientist in the Communica- tions Networking Division business area of General David P. Morgan is a Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW) Dynamics C4 Systems, working in LSI design, speech consultant,withoverfortyyearsexperienceinthisarea. signal processing, advanced signal processing for tele- He has authored two books and has published over 100 phony, and RF communications. He has 36 patents and technicalpapers.HisknowledgeoftheSAWareahasled hasbeenawardedthe‘‘DistinguishedInnovatorAward’’. tohisbeinginvitedtolectureonthesubjectintheU.S., He has also worked with the Software Defined Radio Russia, Finland, Japan, China and Korea. He is a Life (SDR) Forum from its inception, currently performing SeniorMember of theIEEE. viii AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES Dr. Claude Oestges is a Research Associate of the Bel- gies,BellLabInnovations,supportingenterprisesolutions gianNationalScienceFoundation(FRS)andapart-time that involved convergence, VoIP, wireless, gigabit Associate Professor at UCL. He co-authored MIMO switching,ATM,andFrameRelayLAN/WANsolutions. Wireless Communications and has made more than 100 Hecurrentlydesignsandprovidessolutionsonadvanced contributions to international journals and conference and complexconverged networks for Fortune 500 com- proceedings. He was a member of the IEEE 802.11 panies,educationalinstitutions,andsecurityfirms. Standardization Working Group on ‘‘Multiple antenna JohanSkoldhasbeenwithEricssonResearchsince1989, channel modeling’’. He received the IEE Marconi Pre- where he has been involved in the standardization and miumAwardin2001andtheIEEEVehicularTechnology evolution of GSM, EDGE and UMTS/HSPA/LTE. Society2004Neal ShepherdAward. Mr.SkoldwasactiveintheFRAMESprojectwithinthe Ron Olexa has designed and developed cellular tele- European 4th Framework program, and initiated the communication systems in major US and European work on EDGE as a GSM evolution within that project markets.HeservedastheCOOofSCT,thenmovedinto andlaterin standardisation. Hewasalsoactiveintaking theemergingWirelessdataindustryasCTOofAdvanced the WCDMA concept from the FRAMES project into Radio Telecom. He then started an independent consul- thestandardizationofUMTS/IMT-2000in3GPP,andin ting company to provide RF and technical guidance to the development of HSPA and LTE as the evolution of spectrum licensees and companies. More recently he 3G. He isa Senior member ofIEEE. implemented one of the world’s first WiMax capable ProfessorMihaelavanderSchaarisAssociateProfessor networks. He has served on the Board of Directors of attheUCLAElectricalEngineeringDepartment.Before EdgeFocus Inc and has authored training material used thisshewasaseniorresearcheratPhilipsResearchinthe for certification bythe WiMax forum. NetherlandsandUSA.Shehaspublishedextensivelyon Dr. Stefan Parkvall joined Ericsson Research in 1999 multimedia communications, networking, architectures, where he currently serves as senior specialist in adap- systems, compression and processing, and holds 30 US tive radio access, working with research on and stan- patents. She is an active participant in the ISO Motion dardization of future cellular technologies including Picture Expert Group (MPEG) standard and chairs the HSPA, LTE and LTE-Advanced. His previous positions ad-hoc group on MPEG-21 Scalable Video Coding. She include being an assistant professor in communication is also a senior member of IEEE, and the Technical theory at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Committee on Multimedia Signal Processing. She has Sweden, and a visiting researcher at University of won several awards, including the Okawa Foundation California, San Diego, USA. Dr Parkvall is a senior Award and the IBM Faculty Award three times. member of IEEE and received Ericsson’s Inventor of the Year award 2005. Dr. Feng Zhao is a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research,wherehemanagestheNetworkedEmbedded Charles Pursell has worked in the telecommunications ComputingGroup.HehastaughtatStanfordUniversity anddatanetworkingindustryforover20years.Hebegan and Ohio State University, was a Principal Scientist at his career at Bell Laboratories as a systems architect for Xerox PARC and directed PARC’s sensor network PBX and data network connectivity solutions and has research effort. He serves as the founding Editor-In- worked in many positions in voice, data, and converged ChiefofACMTransactionsonSensorNetworks,andhas networkdesignandsupport.Heiscurrentlyaconverged authored or co-authored over 100 technical papers and networking consultant for Avaya, Inc. books.Hehasreceivedanumberofawards,andhiswork Joy Rahman, an award-winning senior converged engi- has been featured in news media such as BBC World neeringspecialist,startedhiscareeratLucentTechnolo- News, BusinessWeek, and Technology Review. ix